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191.
Richard J. Haier Roberto Colom David H. Schroeder Christopher A. Condon Cheuk Tang Emily Eaves Kevin Head 《Intelligence》2009,37(2):136-144
Heterogeneous results among neuro-imaging studies using psychometric intelligence measures may result from the variety of tests used. The g-factor may provide a common metric across studies. Here we derived a g-factor from a battery of eight cognitive tests completed by 6929 young adults, 40 of whom also completed structural MRI scans. Regional gray matter (GM) was determined using voxel-based-morphometry (VBM) and correlated to g-scores. Results showed correlations distributed throughout the brain, but there was limited overlap with brain areas identified in a similar study that used a different battery of tests to derive g-scores. Comparable spatial scores (with g variance removed) also were derived from both batteries, and there was considerable overlap in brain areas where GM was correlated to the respective spatial scores. The results indicate that g-scores derived from different test batteries do not necessarily have equivalent neuro-anatomical substrates, suggesting that identifying a “neuro-g” will be difficult. The neuro-anatomical substrate of a spatial factor, however, appears more consistent and implicates a distributed network of brain areas that may be involved with spatial ability. Future imaging studies directed at identifying the neural basis of intelligence may benefit from using a psychometric test battery chosen with specific criteria. 相似文献
192.
Concepción Fernández-Villanueva Juan Carlos Revilla-Castro Roberto Domínguez-Bilbao Leonor Gimeno-Jiménez Andrés Almagro 《Sex roles》2009,61(1-2):85-100
Gender differences in the representation of aggressors and victims are an important issue in the study of television violence in order to ascertain whether television contributes (and how) to reproduce or transform the traditional gender regime. Eighty-four hours of Spanish main TV broadcasting stations were randomly recorded during years 2000 and 2005. Variables related to the presentation of aggressors and victims and to the normative context of aggression were selected through content analysis. The results show the minimal presence of women in violent scenes. But women are also the victims of more serious violence. Paradoxically, women’s aggressions appear to have more positive consequences and to be less legitimized. The implications of these findings are discussed from a gender studies perspective. 相似文献
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194.
The interpretation of propositions in Lukasiewicz's infinite-valued calculus as answers in Ulam's game with lies--the Boolean case corresponding to the traditional Twenty Questions game--gives added interest to the completeness theorem. The literature contains several different proofs, but they invariably require technical prerequisites from such areas as model-theory, algebraic geometry, or the theory of ordered groups. The aim of this paper is to provide a self-contained proof, only requiring the rudiments of algebra and convexity in finite-dimensional vector spaces. 相似文献
195.
Roberto J. Velasquez Myra Gonzales James N. Butcher Idalia Castillo-Canez J. Xavier Apodaca Denise Chavira 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》1997,25(2):107-120
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI-2) is frequently used by professional counselors to assess Chicano or Mexican American clients in various mental health settings. It is important to understand how ethnic and sociocultural variables (e.g., ethnic identity, acculturation, or racism) may influence the assessment process. This article presents strategies for the culturally competent use of the MMPI-2 with this burgeoning Hispanic subpopulation. 相似文献
196.
Roberto Cignoli 《Studia Logica》1982,41(1):3-16
Proper n-valued ukasiewicz algebras are obtained by adding some binary operators, fulfilling some simple equations, to the fundamental operations of n-valued ukasiewicz algebras. They are the s-algebras corresponding to an axiomatization of ukasiewicz n-valued propositional calculus that is an extention of the intuitionistic calculus.Dedicated to the memory of Gregorius C. Moisil 相似文献
197.
Two experiments were conducted concerning spatial order recall when spatial information is transmitted by auditory stimuli. Temporal order either was congruent with spatial order or was independent of spatial order. In Experiment 1, the comparisons were among normally or partially sighted subjects allowed to look, normally sighted subjects who were blindfolded, and blind children. The main findings were a superiority of the sighted subjects allowed to look (that is, to support auditory information with visual cues) and a smaller advantage for the sighted-but-blindfolded subjects, relative to the blind group. In Experiment 2, normally sighted adults (either seeing or blindfolded) and blind adults were tested. Surprisingly, the blind were not worse than the sighted in this study. Subsequent interviews and detailed analysis of errors suggested that the blind coded spatial information kinesthetically. These indirect analyses also suggested that whereas spatial order was coded temporally in the sighted, it was controlled by both temporal and spatial factors in the blind and blindfolded subjects. 相似文献
198.
The prototype effect in face recognition: Extension and limits 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The prototype effect in face recognition refers to a tendency to recognize the face corresponding to the central value of a series of seen faces, even when this central value or prototype has not been seen. Five experiments investigated the extension and limits of this phenomenon. In all the experiments, participants saw a series of faces, each one in two or more different versions or exemplars, and then performed a recognition test, including seen and unseen exemplars and the unseen prototype face. In Experiment 1, a strong prototype effect for variations in feature location was demonstrated in oldness ratings and in a standard old/new recognition test. Experiments 2A and 2B compared the prototype effect for variations in feature location and variations in head angle and showed that, for the latter, the prototype effect was weaker and more dependent on similarity than for the former. These results suggest that recognition across feature variations is based on an averaging mechanism, whereas recognition across viewpoint variations is based on an approximation mechanism. Experiments 3A and 3B examined the limits of the prototype effect using a face morphing technique that allows a systematic manipulation of face similarity. The results indicated that, as the similarity between face exemplars decreases to the level of similarity between the faces of different individuals, the prototype effect starts to disappear. At the same time, the prototype effect may originate false memories of faces that were never seen. 相似文献
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200.
Roberto Festa 《Synthese》1986,67(2):273-320
The problem of distance from the truth, and more generally distance between hypotheses, is considered here with respect to the case of quantitative hypotheses concerning the value of a given scientific quantity.Our main goal consists in the explication of the concept of distance D(I, ) between an interval hypothesis I and a point hypothesis . In particular, we attempt to give an axiomatic foundation of this notion on the basis of a small number of adequacy conditions.Moreover, the distance function introduced here is employed for the reformulation of the approach to scientific inference — developed by Hintikka, Levi and other scholars — labelled cognitive decision theory. In this connection, we supply a concrete illustration of the rules for inductive acceptance of interval hypotheses that can be obtained on the basis of D(I, ).Lastly, our approach is compared with other proposals made in literature about verisimilitude and distance from the truth.I am grateful for the possibility of spending a period of some months at the Department of Philosophy of University of Gröningen. I profited there a lot from the supervision by Dr. Theo Kuipers. I am also grateful to Prof. Ilkka Niiniluoto who gave rise to my interest in this kind of research during a period spent at Department of Philosophy of University of Helsinki, and who made a number of useful suggestions in the final stage of this paper. Moreover, I would like to thank Dr. Carlo Buttasi for suggesting a better formulation of the proof of (T.24). 相似文献