Countertransference envy toward the religious patient

Four illustrations have been presented which demonstrate the uses and interpretations of envy in countertransference reactions to religious patients. To be sure, envy reactions to any patient are significant, whether they simply distort the therapist's perception or contribute to a deeper understanding of the patient. In the case of the religious patient, envy reactions in the therapist may serve as an additional instrumentality for under-standing the ways in which the dynamic determinants of religious behavior and metaphor become enmeshed in and also transform the pathology of the patient as well as the therapeutic process itself. Both the constructive and destructive object relational implications of envy must be borne in mind by the therapist in order to adequately explore the range of reciprocating forces between therapist and patient. Primitive mechanisms such as projective identification and psychotic transference are particularly prone to evoke envy reactions of surprising intensities, yet an empathic attitude will usually enable the therapist to differentiate the true source of his envy as he more carefully comprehends the quality of object relational and dynamic needs such envy serves.     

Is object recognition automatic?

A new paradigm is proposed that involves a simple judgment on an object’s perceptual feature that is independent of object identity. Subjects were required to categorize as vertical or horizontal the main axis of elongation of an object picture. Both fake and real-world objects were presented, and a graphical manipulation was applied to their shapes so that the canonical elongation of the real-world objects was incongruent with the elongation of their shapes after the manipulation. The results showed an influence of the identity of the objects on the perceptual task in the form of a cost in judging the elongation of the incongruent real-world objects. The results are taken as evidence for automatic activation of objects’ stored representations. A “horse-race” model of the influence of these representations on the perceptual task is proposed in the final section of the article.     

Uniqueness of three-mode factor models with sparse cores: The 3 × 3 × 3 case

Three-Mode Factor Analysis (3MFA) and PARAFAC are methods to describe three-way data. Both methods employ models with components for the three modes of a three-way array; the 3MFA model also uses a three-way core array for linking all components to each other. The use of the core array makes the 3MFA model more general than the PARAFAC model (thus allowing a better fit), but also more complicated. Moreover, in the 3MFA model the components are not uniquely determined, and it seems hard to choose among all possible solutions. A particularly interesting feature of the PARAFAC model is that it does give unique components. The present paper introduces a class of 3MFA models in between 3MFA and PARAFAC that share the good properties of the 3MFA model and the PARAFAC model: They fit (almost) as well as the 3MFA model, they are relatively simple and they have the same uniqueness properties as the PARAFAC model.This research has been made possible by a fellowship from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences to the first author. Part of this research has been presented at the first conference on ThRee-way methods In Chemistry (TRIC), a meeting of Psychometrics and Chemometrics, Epe, The Netherlands, August 1993. The authors are obliged to Age Smilde for stimulating this research, and two anonymous reviewers for many helpful suggestions.     

On the autological character of diagonalizable algebras

Summary Let be the first order theory of diagonalizable algebras. We define a bijection from the atomic formulas of (identities) to the open formulas of . is an algebraic analogous of ≒. We prove that , ^-1 preserve the validity.The algebraization of the theories which express TheorSee the precedent papers with the same subtitle.Allatum est die 21 Julii 1975     

The effects of task requirements on the processing of complex stimuli

In the present study the effects of task requirements were investigated using a same-different paradigm with geometric configurations as stimuli. Two conditions were employed: in the first, the instructions required the subjects to focus upon all dimensions of the stimuli; in the second, instead, the instructions required the subjects to attend only to some of the dimensions. The results show that in the first condition the subjects, in order to reach their decision, used a template- matching strategy, while in the second condition an analytic strategy was employed.