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981.
Sarkar A Dutta A Dhingra U Dhingra P Verma P Juyal R Black RE Menon VP Kumar J Sazawal S 《Behavior research methods》2006,38(3):407-415
In settings in developing countries, children often socialize with multiple socializing agents (peers, siblings, neighbors)
apart from their parents, and thus, a measurement of a child’s social interactions should be expanded beyond parental interactions.
Since the environment plays a role in shaping a child’s development, the measurement of child-socializing agents’ interactions
is important. We developed and used a computerized observational softwareBehavior and Social Interaction Software (BASIS) with a preloaded coding scheme installed on a handheld Palm device to record complex observations of interactions
between children and socializing agents. Using BASIS, social interaction assessments were conducted on 573 preschool children
for 1 h in their natural settings. Multiple screens with a set of choices in each screen were designed that included the child’s
location, broad activity, state, and interactions with child-socializing agents. Data were downloaded onto a computer and
systematically analyzed. BASIS, installed on Palm OS (M-125), enabled the recording of the complex interactions of child-socializing
agents that could not be recorded with manual forms. Thus, this tool provides an innovative and relatively accurate method
for the systematic recording of social interactions in an unrestricted environment. 相似文献
982.
Klitzman R 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2006,6(1):20-1; discussion W27-8
983.
Symptom patterns in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
OBJECTIVE: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) defined at the diagnostic level encompasses divergent symptoms. The present study examines symptom patterns in OCD in children and adolescents in order to search for the presence of diagnostic heterogeneity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Two hundred and thirteen outpatients with primary OCD participated. The patients' and primary caretakers' responses on the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale were used to generate severity ratings for 61 OCD symptoms, and cluster analysed them. RESULTS: A five cluster solution was judged to be the most clinically and theoretically relevant model. The clusters were named: (1) "Mental Rituals, Touching & Ordering", (2) "Contamination & Cleaning", (3) "Superstitions", (4) "Obsessions/Checking & Confessing" and (5) "Somatic Concerns". The symptom patterns of the groups differed, and three groups were particularly homogeneous. In addition, there were differences in severity, number of symptoms and age. CONCLUSIONS: OCD in children and adolescents is a heterogeneous disorder and discrepancies vis-à-vis adult studies indicate that childhood OCD may have developmentally specific traits. The sub-groups obtained are likely to have implications for the assessment of OCD symptoms in children, their prognosis and outcome in treatment research. 相似文献
984.
In three experiments we studied lay observers' attributions of responsibility for an antisocial act (homicide). We systematically varied both the degree to which the action was coerced by external circumstances and the degree to which the actor endorsed and accepted ownership of the act, a psychological state that philosophers have termed "identification." Our findings with respect to identification were highly consistent. The more an actor was identified with an action, the more likely observers were to assign responsibility to the actor, even when the action was performed under constraints so powerful that no other behavioral option was available. Our findings indicate that social cognition involving assignment of responsibility for an action is a more complex process than previous research has indicated. It would appear that laypersons' judgments of moral responsibility may, in some circumstances, accord with philosophical views in which freedom and determinism are regarded to be compatible. 相似文献
985.
The authors present 10 experiments that challenge some central assumptions of the dominant theories of visual search. Their results reveal that the complexity (or redundancy) of nontarget items is a crucial but overlooked determinant of search efficiency. The authors offer a new theoretical outline that emphasizes the importance of nontarget encoding efficiency, and they test this proposal using dot pattern stimuli adapted from W. R. Garner and D. E. Clement (1963). The results provide converging support for the importance of nontarget encoding efficiency in accounting for visual search performance. 相似文献
986.
We aimed to address two issues: first, to describe how the perception of motion differs in elderly observers as compared to younger ones; and, second, to see if these changes in motion perception could be accounted for by the known changes in the ability of elderly observers to detect patterns (as indexed via contrast sensitivity). The lower threshold of motion, motion coherence, and speed discrimination were measured, alongside contrast sensitivity, in a group of thirty-two older (mean age 61.5 years) and thirty-two younger (mean age 23.2 years) subjects. The older observers showed losses in their ability to detect slow motions as indexed via the lower threshold of motion for random-dot patterns and for gratings of a range of spatial frequencies. They also were impaired on a test of motion coherence, but only for stimuli of a slow to medium speed, whereas faster speeds showed no decline with age. Finally, at all speeds tested the older observers required greater differences in speed in order to discriminate between patterns moving at different speeds. The pattern of losses on motion perception tasks was not predicted by the deficits of the older groups, such as loss of detection thresholds for high spatial and/or temporal frequencies. It is concluded that these hypotheses do not provide an adequate account of the data, and therefore that the losses occurring with age are complex and probably are a result of the loss of several types of cell. 相似文献
987.
One experiment is described that examined the possible involvement of working memory in the Virtual Errands Test (McGeorge et al. (2001). Using virtual environments in the assessment of executive dysfunction. Presence, 10, 375-383), which requires participants to complete errands within a virtual environment, presented on a computer screen. Time was limited, therefore participants had to swap between tasks (multi-task) efficiently to complete the errands. Forty-two undergraduates participated, all attempting the test twice. On one of these occasions they were asked to perform a concurrent task throughout (order of single and dual-task conditions was counterbalanced). The type of secondary task was manipulated between groups. Twenty-one participants were asked to randomly generate months of the year aloud in the dual-task condition, while another 21 were asked to suppress articulation by repeating the word "December". An overall dual-task effect on the Virtual Errands Test was observed, although this was qualified by an interaction with the order of single and dual-task conditions. Analysis of the secondary task data showed a drop in performance (relative to baseline) under dual-task conditions, and that drop was greater for the random generation group than the articulatory suppression group. These data are interpreted as suggesting that the central executive and phonological loop components of working memory are implicated in this test of multi-tasking. 相似文献
988.
Ninness C Barnes-Holmes D Rumph R McCuller G Ford AM Payne R Ninness SK Smith RJ Ward TA Elliott MP 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2006,39(3):299-321
Following a pretest, 8 participants who were unfamiliar with algebraic and trigonometric functions received a brief presentation on the rectangular coordinate system. Next, they participated in a computer-interactive matching-to-sample procedure that trained formula-to-formula and formula-to-graph relations. Then, they were exposed to 40 novel formula-to-graph tests and 10 novel graph-to-formula tests. Seven of the 8 participants showed substantial improvement in identifying formula-to-graph relations; however, in the test of novel graph-to-formula relations, participants tended to select equations in their factored form. Next, we manipulated contextual cues in the form of rules regarding mathematical preferences. First, we informed participants that standard forms of equations were preferred over factored forms. In a subsequent test of 10 additional novel graph-to-formula relations, participants shifted their selections to favor equations in their standard form. This preference reversed during 10 more tests when financial reward was made contingent on correct identification of formulas in factored form. Formula preferences and transformation of novel mathematical and stimulus functions are discussed. 相似文献
989.
Pfeffer J Fong CT Cialdini RB Portnoy RR 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2006,32(10):1362-1374
Prior research has shown that positive information presented by a third party shields people from the negative consequences of being perceived as self-promoting. But in many contexts, those third parties are intermediaries with a financial interest in the person being promoted rather than neutral parties. In three experimental studies, the authors demonstrate that even when intermediaries are not neutral, they can be helpful for overcoming the self-promotion dilemma--the need to assert one's competence but not be harmed by the fact that people who self-promote are viewed negatively. The authors find that hiring an agent to sing one's praises results in more favorable perceptions of the client, which contributes, in turn, to a greater willingness to offer that person assistance. It is also shown that even when the intermediary is physically present and seen to be complicit with the client, the positive effects of having someone else speak on one's behalf persist. 相似文献
990.
Reginald?B.?AdamsJr.Email author Nalini?Ambady C.?Neil?Macrae Robert?E.?Kleck 《Motivation and emotion》2006,30(2):177-186
The contention that basic behavioral intentions are forecasted by emotional expressions has received surprisingly little empirical
support. We introduce a behavioral task that gauges the speed with which movement of angry and fearful faces (toward or away
from an expressor's gaze) are accurately detected. In two studies we found that perceivers were faster to correctly detect
approaching anger faces (i.e., faces that moved in the direction of their own gaze). The opposite, however, was not true for
fear expressions. These findings offer evidence that, at least for anger displays, the basic behavioral intent to approach
is strongly transmitted and at very low-levels of processing, even priming congruent behavioral responses in observers. The
null results for fear faces may indicate that these signal a “freezing” response or behavioral inhibition rather than flight
per se. The results of this work are discussed in relation to contemporary theories of emotion. 相似文献