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871.
Fific M Nosofsky RM Townsend JT 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2008,34(2):356-375
A growing methodology, known as the systems factorial technology (SFT), is being developed to diagnose the types of information-processing architectures (serial, parallel, or coactive) and stopping rules (exhaustive or self-terminating) that operate in tasks of multidimensional perception. Whereas most previous applications of SFT have been in domains of simple detection and visual-memory search, this research extends the applications to foundational issues in multidimensional classification. Experiments are conducted in which subjects are required to classify objects into a conjunctive-rule category structure. In one case the stimuli vary along highly separable dimensions, whereas in another case they vary along integral dimensions. For the separable-dimension stimuli, the SFT methodology revealed a serial or parallel architecture with an exhaustive stopping rule. By contrast, for the integral-dimension stimuli, the SFT methodology provided clear evidence of coactivation. The research provides a validation of the SFT in the domain of classification and adds to the list of converging operations for distinguishing between separable-dimension and integral-dimension interactions. 相似文献
872.
Gálvez-Buccollini JA Paz-Soldan V Herrera P DeLea S Gilman RH Anthony JC 《International family planning perspectives》2008,34(1):15-20
CONTEXT: Alcohol use is frequently identified as a contributor to risky sexual behaviors; however, research results are mixed. Given the conflicting evidence, researchers have focused on other factors, such as expectations about alcohol's effects that might help explain the relationship of alcohol use and risky sexual behaviors. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 312 sexually experienced males aged 18-30 in a shantytown in Lima, Peru, were used in logistic regression models to identify associations of heavy episodic drinking and sex-related expectations about alcohol with sexual risk behaviors. RESULTS: Heavy episodic drinking was associated with having had two or more sexual partners and having had sex with a casual partner in the past year (odds ratios, 2.8 and 2.5, respectively). After controlling for alcohol consumption, sex-related expectations about alcohol were associated with these high-risk sexual behaviors, as well as with not using a condom at last sex (1.2) and not using a condom at last sex with a casual partner (1.3). CONCLUSION: Beliefs about the effect of alcohol on sexual performance could help explain links between alcohol consumption and risky sexual behavior not completely accounted for by the pharmacological effects of alcohol. 相似文献
873.
I argue that the roots of an adequate integration of evolution into psychology are not to be found in evolutionary psychology, but rather in evolutionary developmental biology (evo–devo). To this end, I provide an overview of evo–devo and explore the limited role that behavioral sciences have played in its genesis. I then motivate an evo–devo approach to psychobiology, and sketch desiderata for the success of this enterprise. In particular, I elucidate what it means to take both development and evolution seriously, and argue for the primacy of developmental analysis in the exploration of (human) behavior and its evolution. 相似文献
874.
Robert Audi 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2008,11(5):475-492
This paper defends a moderate intuitionism by extending a version of that view previously put forward and responding to some
significant objections to it that have been posed in recent years. The notion of intuition is clarified, and various kinds
of intuition are distinguished and interconnected. These include doxastic intuitions and intuitive seemings. The concept of
inference is also clarified. In that light, the possibility of non-inferential intuitive justification is explained in relation
to both singular moral judgments, which intuitionists do not take to be self-evident, and basic moral principles, which they
typically do take to be self-evident in a sense explicated in the paper. This explanation is accomplished in part by drawing
some analogies between moral and perceptual judgments in the light of a developmental conception of knowledge. The final section
of the paper presents a partial account of rational disagreement and indicates how the kind of intuitionist view defended
can allow for rational disagreement between apparent epistemic peers.
相似文献
Robert AudiEmail: |
875.
Evolution has come to be increasingly discussed in terms of changes in developmental processes rather than simply in terms of changes in gene frequencies. This shift is based in large part on the recognition that since all phenotypic traits arise during ontogeny as products of individual development, a primary basis for evolutionary change must be variations in the patterns and processes of development. Further, the products of development are epigenetic, not just genetic, and this is the case even when considering the evolutionary process. These insights have led investigators to reconsider the established notion of genes as the primary cause of development, opening the door to research programs focused on identifying how genetic and non-genetic factors coact to guide and constrain the process of development and its outcomes. I explore this growth of developmental thought and its implications for the achievement of a unified theory of heredity, development, and evolution and consider its implications for the realization of a new, developmentally based evolutionary psychology. 相似文献
876.
This study examines sexual harassment (SH) whichinvolves members of the same gender, either male orfemale. Data are taken from the 1988 Department ofDefense Survey of Sex Roles in the Active Duty Military. Separate comparisons for male (38% White, 31%Black, and 31% ‘other’) and female (48%White, 27% Black, and 25% ‘other’) targetsare made between sameand other-gender SH related to fourmajor components of a conceptual model proposed by Fitzgerald,Drasgow, Hulin, Gelfand, & Magley (1997). Thesecomponents include sexual harassment behaviors, personalvulnerability, target response styles, and consequences of the SH for the target. The sexualorientation of targets and perpetrators is notconsidered because data were unavailable. Results reveala number of meaningful differences between sameandother-gender SH. The most striking result is that maletargets of same-gender SH experience consequences thatare significantly more pervasive and severe than thoseexperienced by male targets of other-gender SH.Organizational implications are discussed. 相似文献
877.
Robert J. Manthei 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》2006,34(4):519-538
The purpose of this study was to explore the help-seeking behaviour of a sample of counselling clients using a questionnaire and follow-up, semi-structured interviews with 20 counselling clients who were seen at a walk-in, affordable counselling agency located in a mid-sized city in New Zealand. Specifically, clients were asked if they had received counselling previously, what efforts they had made to solve their problems before seeking counselling and with what success, why they chose this particular agency, their initial impression of their relationship with their counsellor, and their reactions to participating in the research. The data were analysed to ascertain themes associated with their decision-making and choices. Findings were discussed in relation to the literature on seeking counselling, how clients determine their need for counselling and the process they go through in deciding when and where to get it. Implications for counsellors are discussed. 相似文献
878.
Gillham JE Hamilton J Freres DR Patton K Gallop R 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2006,34(2):195-211
This study evaluated the Penn Resiliency Program's effectiveness in preventing depression when delivered by therapists in
a primary care setting. Two-hundred and seventy-one 11- and 12-year-olds, with elevated depressive symptoms, were randomized
to PRP or usual care. Over the 2-year follow-up, PRP improved explanatory style for positive events. PRP's effects on depressive
symptoms and explanatory style for negative events were moderated by sex, with girls benefiting more than boys. Stronger effects
were seen in high-fidelity groups than low-fidelity groups. PRP did not significantly prevent depressive disorders but significantly
prevented depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorders (when combined) among high-symptom participants. Findings are discussed
in relation to previous PRP studies and research on the dissemination of psychological interventions.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
879.
Reginald?B.?AdamsJr.Email author Nalini?Ambady C.?Neil?Macrae Robert?E.?Kleck 《Motivation and emotion》2006,30(2):177-186
The contention that basic behavioral intentions are forecasted by emotional expressions has received surprisingly little empirical
support. We introduce a behavioral task that gauges the speed with which movement of angry and fearful faces (toward or away
from an expressor's gaze) are accurately detected. In two studies we found that perceivers were faster to correctly detect
approaching anger faces (i.e., faces that moved in the direction of their own gaze). The opposite, however, was not true for
fear expressions. These findings offer evidence that, at least for anger displays, the basic behavioral intent to approach
is strongly transmitted and at very low-levels of processing, even priming congruent behavioral responses in observers. The
null results for fear faces may indicate that these signal a “freezing” response or behavioral inhibition rather than flight
per se. The results of this work are discussed in relation to contemporary theories of emotion. 相似文献
880.