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821.
An integrative model of goal motives, well-being, and physical health was tested within three studies. Study 1 demonstrated
that pursuing autonomous goals was positively associated with both happiness and self-realization, whereas pursuing controlled
goals was negatively associated with self-realization, but unrelated to happiness. Study 1 further revealed that self-realization
was negatively associated with physical symptoms, whereas happiness was unrelated to the symptoms. Study 2 replicated the
findings of Study 1 while showing that academic stress mediated the relationship between self-realization and physical symptoms.
Finally, Study 3 replicated the findings of Studies 1 and 2 and additionally demonstrated that academic coping mediated the
relationship between self-realization and academic stress. These findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications
and directions for future research are proposed.
相似文献
Robert J. VallerandEmail: |
822.
The lexical bias effect (LBE) is the tendency for phonological substitution errors to result in existing words (rather than
nonwords) at a rate higher than would be predicted by chance. This effect is often interpreted as revealing feedback between
the phonological and lexical levels of representation during speech production. We report two experiments in which we tested
for the LBE (1) in second-language production (Experiment 1) and (2) across the two languages of a bilingual (Experiment 2).
There was an LBE in both situations. Thus, to the extent that the LBE reveals the presence of interactivity between the phonological
and the lexical levels of representation, these effects suggest that there is feedback in second-language production and that
it extends across the two languages of a bilingual. 相似文献
823.
824.
Gutchess AH Welsh RC Boduroglu A Park DC 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2006,6(2):102-109
Behavioral research suggests that Westerners focus more on objects, whereas East Asians attend more to relationships and contexts.
We evaluated the neural basis for these cultural differences in an event-related fMRI study. East Asian and American participants
incidentally encoded pictures of (1) a target object alone, (2) a background scene with no discernable target object, and
(3) a distinct target object against a meaningful background. Americans, relative to East Asians, activated more regions implicated
in object processing, including bilateral middle temporal gyrus, left superior parietal/angular gyrus, and right superior
temporal/supramarginal gyrus. In contrast to the cultural differences in object-processing areas, few differences emerged
in background-processing regions. These results suggest that cultural experiences subtly direct neural activity, particularly
for focal objects, at an early stage of scene encoding. 相似文献
825.
Social cognitive career theory (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994) was originally designed to help explain interest development, choice, and performance in career and educational domains. These three aspects of career/academic development were presented in distinct but overlapping segmental models. This article presents a fourth social cognitive model aimed at understanding satisfaction experienced in vocational and educational pursuits. The model posits paths whereby core social cognitive variables (e.g., self-efficacy, goals) function jointly with personality/affective trait and contextual variables that have been linked to job satisfaction. We consider the model’s implications for forging an understanding of satisfaction that bridges the often disparate perspectives of organizational and vocational psychology. 相似文献
826.
The current research was designed to examine objective and contextual factors related to the appraisal of potentially sexually harassing situations. Working female participants (n = 208) from a mid-sized southwestern university completed a workplace experiences survey in small groups. The majority of participants were Hispanic/Latina (77.9%). We predicted that characteristics of personal harassment experiences (e.g., number of distinct types of behaviors experienced, frequency, duration) and bystander harassment experiences would contribute independently to how upset women were by their own sexual harassment experiences. Results indicated that characteristics of personal harassment experiences and bystander experiences did predict how upset women were by their own gender harassment and by unwanted sexual attention experiences. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of considering multiple types of workplace stressors (e.g., personal and bystander sexual harassment experiences) and their relation to the appraisal process. 相似文献
827.
This study examined the relationship between depressive symptoms and bias in the prediction of future life events. Responding to internet announcements, 153 participants varying widely in self-reported depression symptom severity estimated the probability of 40 events occurring over the succeeding 30 days. After the 30-day period, participants reported which events occurred. Optimistic/pessimistic biases were related to level of depressive symptoms. A non-significant optimistic bias characterized participants with low depressive symptoms whereas a significant pessimistic bias characterized participants with high depressive symptoms. Those reporting mild symptoms did not exhibit a systematic pessimistic or optimistic bias. General imprecision in predictions for undesirable events was associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that depression is associated with pessimistic bias rather than accuracy in judgment. 相似文献
828.
Thewissen R Snijders SJ Havermans RC van den Hout M Jansen A 《Behaviour research and therapy》2006,44(10):1441-1449
The effects of cue exposure therapy are limited, because renewal after extinction is an important source of relapse. In this study, 33 smokers were exposed to a cue predicting smoking availability and a cue predicting smoking unavailability in one context (acquisition context A). Following extinction in another context (extinction context B), a test for renewal took place in the original acquisition context A (i.e. ABA renewal). Urge to smoke was measured using a Visual Analogue Scale. Renewal of differential conditioned urge responding occurred when participants were tested in the acquisition context, while differential urge responding remained extinguished when tested in the extinction context. This experiment provides evidence that ABA renewal occurred in smokers. Clinical implications are discussed. 相似文献
829.
VIQ-PIQ differences have been studied in children with autism and Asperger syndrome but have not been studied in a separate group of children with PDD-NO, although, PDD-NOS has a much higher prevalence rate than autism and deficits in communication and social interaction are severe. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) was administered to 100 children, aged 6-12 years, with PDD-NOS (n = 76), autism (n = 13), and Asperger syndrome (n = 11). PDD-NOS was diagnosed using explicit research criteria. No overall differences between VIQ and PIQ were found in PDD-NOS and autism. Peaks in the subtest scores on Information, Similarities, Picture Arrangement, and Mazes, and troughs in the subtest scores on Comprehension, Digit Span, and Coding were demonstrated in children with PDD-NOS. Their score on the Freedom from Distractibility factor was lower than the scores on the Verbal Comprehension factor and the Perceptual Organization factor. Children with PDD-NOS seemed to have a similar VIQ-PIQ profile as children with autism, and on the subtest level children with PDD-NOS showed some similarities to children with Asperger syndrome or autism. It was not possible to distinguish PDD-NOS from autism or Asperger syndrome by using IQ scores. 相似文献
830.
Neuroelectric and imaging studies of meditation are reviewed. Electroencephalographic measures indicate an overall slowing subsequent to meditation, with theta and alpha activation related to proficiency of practice. Sensory evoked potential assessment of concentrative meditation yields amplitude and latency changes for some components and practices. Cognitive event-related potential evaluation of meditation implies that practice changes attentional allocation. Neuroimaging studies indicate increased regional cerebral blood flow measures during meditation. Taken together, meditation appears to reflect changes in anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal areas. Neurophysiological meditative state and trait effects are variable but are beginning to demonstrate consistent outcomes for research and clinical applications. Psychological and clinical effects of meditation are summarized, integrated, and discussed with respect to neuroimaging data. 相似文献