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231.
Xiao-Bing Qian Orlando J. Andy Cora Dearman Michael Andrews Rob W. Rockhold 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1992,27(2):117-129
A variety of abnormal sensory/motor behaviors associated with electrical discharges recorded from the bilateral brainstem were induced in adult WKY rats by mechanical (electrode implants) and DC electrical current stimulations and by acute and chronic administration of cocaine. The electrode implant implicated one side or the other of the reticular system of the brainstem but subjects were not incapacitated by the stimulations. Cocaine (40 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously for an acute experiment and subsequent 20 mg/kg doses twice daily for 3 days in a chronic study. Cocaine generated more abnormal behaviors in the brainstem perturbation group, especially the electrically perturbated subjects. The abnormal behaviors were yawning, retrocollis, hyperactivity, hypersensitivity, “beating drum” behavior, squealing, head bobbing, circling, sniffing, abnormal posturing, and facial twitching. Shifts in the power frequency spectra of the discharge patterns were noted between quiet and pacing behavioral states. Hypersensitivity to various auditory, tactile, and visual stimulation was present and shifts in the brainstem ambient power spectral frequency occurred in response to tactile stimulation. These findings suggest that the brainstem generates and propagates pathological discharges that can be elicited by mechanical and DC electrical perturbation. Cocaine was found to activate the discharge system and thus induce abnormal behaviors that are generated at the discharge site and at distant sites to which the discharge propagates. Cognitive functions may also be involved since dopaminergic and serotonergic cellular elements at the brainstem level are also implicated. 相似文献
232.
M J Harris R Milich E M Corbitt D W Hoover M Brady 《Journal of personality and social psychology》1992,63(1):41-50
The stigmatizing effects of negative expectancies were examined in observations of interactions between children with and without a behavior problem. Ss were 68 pairs of unacquainted boys in Grades 3-6. In each dyad, a normal boy was either told that his partner had a behavior problem or given no expectancy; this expectancy manipulation was crossed with the partner's actual diagnostic status with respect to hyperactivity. The perceivers' expectancy that their partner had a behavior problem as well as the actual diagnostic status of the target adversely affected the boys' interactions. Behavioral data suggest how the expectancies were communicated to the target. The processes underlying interpersonal expectancy effects and the ways in which a childhood stigma can act as a self-fulfilling prophecy are discussed. 相似文献
233.
234.
Differential sample response schedules in the acquisition of conditional discriminations by pigeons 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
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Cohen LR Looney TA Brady JH Aucella AF 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1976,26(2):301-314
Pigeons were trained on four matching-to-sample tasks with various schedule requirements in effect on the sample key. Differential sample-schedule requirements (a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates of 3 sec in the presence of one sample and a fixed-ratio 16 in the presence of the other) produced rapid rates of acquisition that did not differ across tasks. Nondifferential sample-schedule requirements (fixed-ratio 1, fixed-ratio 16 or a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates of 3 sec in the presence of both samples) produced slower rates of acquisition, which depended on the difficulty of the discriminations between samples and between comparisons. Patterns of stimulus and position preferences were influenced both by the comparison stimuli in each task and by the sample-schedule requirements. Detailed analyses of acquisition revealed frequent instances of complete differential sample control of comparison responding at intermediate levels of overall “accuracy”. 相似文献
235.
Roscoe A. Dykman R. D. Ray F. J. McGuigan W. N. Schoenfeld A. M. Washton J. C. McMillan R. M. Kadden J. C. Lamb J. P. Isaacs J. E. O. Newton J. L. Chapin R. Rogozea V. Florea-Ciocoiu A. Kreindler Nelson Hendler Andrew Livingston O. J. Andy L. Guirintano S. Guirintano T. McDonald P. Simpson David C. Randall Joseph V. Brady Kris H. Martin A. M. Prestrude William P. Paré D. A. Brown J. F. Greenspan T. A. Ban H. E. Lehmann Mikhail M. Khananashvili 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1976,11(2):121-128
236.
Alan H. Harris Willie J. Gilliam Joseph V. Brady 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1976,11(2):86-92
Two baboons were prepared with arterial and venous catheters and their heart rate and blood pressure were monitored continuously thereafter. Following a 2 to 3 week interval during which baseline cardiovascular levels were determined, the animals were exposed to daily 12 hr conditioning sessions (alternating with 12-hr “rest” or “Conditioning Off’ sessions) during which food reward and shockavoidance were programmed as contingent consequences of pre-specified increases in heart rate. Initially, the criterion heart rate was set at 10–15 bpm above the animal’s pre-experimental resting baseline level, with progressive increases programmed to occur at a rate approximating 7 bpm per week over a period of 8–10 weeks. Within this 2–3 month interval, heart rate doubled, reaching levels maintained above 160 bpm for more than 95 per cent of each daily 12-hour “Conditioning On” period. Propranolol selectively eliminated the conditioned heart rate increase but not the blood pressure elevation, indicating the contribution of sympathetic nervous activity to these operantly conditioned cardiovascular changes. 相似文献
237.
Conditional discrimination performance by pigeons on a response-independent procedure 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
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Looney TA Cohen LR Brady JH Cohen PS 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1977,27(2):363-370
Pigeons were trained on a differential autoshaping procedure in which both components of two-stimulus sequences predicted delivery or nondelivery of food. All birds acquired the conditional discrimination. When the subjects were exposed to an extinction procedure, the stimuli maintained conditional control as long as the birds continued to peck the key. When a delay interval was imposed between the two components of a stimulus sequence using a titration procedure, the stimuli maintained conditional control up to delay values of 7 to 10 sec. These data are consistent with the view that the controlling stimuli in conditional discrimination situations are compounds of stimulus elements. 相似文献
238.
Krasnegor NA Brady JV Findley JD 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1971,16(2):181-187
Two rhesus monkeys responded on a fixed-ratio schedule in Stimulus 1 (blue light) to avoid the onset of Stimulus 2 (green light). Failure to avoid Stimulus 2 required a second fixed-ratio performance to avoid Stimulus 3 (red light) in the presence of which unavoidable shock occurred. Relative frequencies of avoidance performance in the blue light and in the green light were inversely related to the ratio requirement under each stimulus condition. Both differential response-cost and avoidance-failure probability factors were related to the observed changes. 相似文献
239.
In this article it is pointed out what kind of rules for communication and argumentation are required in order to make it possible to resolve disputes in an orderly way. In section 2, Gricean maxims and Searlean speech act conditions are integrated in such a way that five general rules for communication can be formulated. In section 3, starting from Lewis's definition of convention, it is argued that the interactional effect of accepting is conventionally linked with the complex communicative act complex of argumentation. In section 4, the rules for argumentation are placed in a dialogical perspective. 相似文献
240.
Brady JV 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1987,48(3):458-459