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11.
The performance of 93 children aged 3 and 4 years on a battery of different counterfactual tasks was assessed. Three measures: short causal chains, location change counterfactual conditionals, and false syllogisms—but not a fourth, long causal chains—were correlated, even after controlling for age and receptive vocabulary. Children's performance on our counterfactual thinking measure was predicted by receptive vocabulary ability and inhibitory control. The role that domain general executive functions may play in 3- to 4-year olds' counterfactual thinking development is discussed. 相似文献
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13.
The Trinitarian view of validity (namely content, criterion-related, and construct) has dominated psychology for almost a
half century. In industrial and personnel psychology especially, content and criterion-related (in particular) forms of validity
have served as workhorses. Such a limited focus has lead to a stagnation of the area and the inability to incorporate more
theory into the research and practice of personnel psychology. Therefore, we review the evolution of the concept of validity
in the psychology discipline, with a particular emphasis on industrial and personnel psychology. We then review the legal
and statutory history within industrial and personnel psychology that has helped to shape the concept of validity over the
years. Finally, we examine some emerging trends in industrial and personnel psychology, including the issue of graduate training,
which may have important consequences on how we conceptualize validity in the future in both our research and practice of
personnel psychology. 相似文献
14.
Hayward J. Godwin Tamaryn Menneer Charlotte A. Riggs Dominic Taunton Kyle R. Cave Nick Donnel 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2016,23(3):809-816
Behavior in visual search tasks is influenced by the proportion of trials on which a target is presented (the target prevalence). Previous research has shown that when target prevalence is low (2 % prevalence), participants tend to miss targets, as compared with higher prevalence levels (e.g., 50 % prevalence). There is an ongoing debate regarding the relative contributions of target repetition and the expectation that a target will occur in the emergence of prevalence effects. In order to disentangle these two factors, we went beyond previous studies by directly manipulating participants’ expectations regarding how likely a target was to appear on a given trial. This we achieved without using cues or feedback. Our results indicated that both target repetition and target expectation contribute to the emergence of the prevalence effect. 相似文献
15.
This contribution considers the broad historical and theological category of Reformation and Reformations in relation to the Historic Peace Churches before turning to a more detailed consideration of recent and contemporary meaning of Reformation(s) in selected settings and needs: Mennonites in Taiwan; Friends in East Africa, especially Tanzania; and the Church of the Brethren in Nigeria. Reformation insights of the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries continue to inform, inspire, and sustain Mennonite, Quaker, and Brethren communities in contexts quite different from those in which our communities arose and from one another. 相似文献
16.
This experiment examined correspondence bias associated with the expression of pro‐ or anti‐American sentiment in the months following September 11, 2001. Participants read a pro‐ or anti‐United States essay written by a person whose name was varied to suggest that he either was or was not a Muslim. Participants were informed either that the position taken in the essay had been chosen or assigned. Inferences made about the essay writer's true opinions demonstrated strong and consistent correspondence bias only when participants believed the essay writer was not a Muslim. When participants believed the essay writer was a Muslim, correspondence bias was diminished on one measure and disappeared completely on another. These findings are consistent with the notion that participants were concerned about rushing to incorrect conclusions about a Muslim target person. The strong correspondence bias exhibited by participants making judgments about a non‐Muslim is consistent with Gilbert and Malone's (1995) assertion that unrealistic expectations lead to correspondence bias. 相似文献
17.
Psychometric properties of the Miranda Rights Comprehension Instruments with a juvenile justice sample 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article describes the psychometric properties of the Miranda Rights Comprehension Instruments, the revised version of Grisso's Miranda instruments. The original instruments demonstrated good reliability and validity in a normative sample. The revised instruments updated the content of the original instruments and were administered to a sample of 183 youth in pre- and postadjudication facilities. Analyses were conducted to establish the psychometric properties of the revised instruments and included similar analyses to those conducted by Grisso, as well as additional calculations (e.g., standard errors of measurement, intraclass correlation coefficients, Kappa coefficients). Results revealed sound psychometric properties, similar to those observed for the original instruments. 相似文献
18.
The presence of emotional stimuli results in a central/peripheral tradeoff effect in memory: memory for central details is enhanced at the cost of peripheral items. It has been assumed that emotion-modulated differences in memory are the result of differences in attention, but this has not been tested directly. The present experiment used eye movement monitoring as an index of overt attention allocation and mediation analysis to determine whether differences in attention were related to subsequent memory. Participants viewed negative and neutral scenes surrounded by three neutral objects and were then given a recognition memory test. The results revealed evidence in support of a central/peripheral tradeoff in both attention and memory. However, contrary with previous assumptions, whereas attention partially mediated emotion-enhanced memory for central pictures, it did not explain the entire relationship. Further, although centrally presented emotional stimuli led to decreased number of eye fixations toward the periphery, these differences in viewing did not contribute to emotion-impaired memory for specific details pertaining to the periphery. These findings suggest that the differential influence of negative emotion on central versus peripheral memory may result from other cognitive influences in addition to overt visual attention or on postencoding processes. 相似文献
19.
We investigated the role of vision in tactile enumeration within and outside the subitizing range. Congenitally blind and
sighted (blindfolded) participants were asked to enumerate quickly and accurately the number of fingers stimulated. Both groups
of participants enumerated one to three fingers quickly and accurately but were much slower and less accurate with four to
nine fingers. Within the subitizing range, blind participants performed no differently from both sighted (blindfolded) and
sighted-seeing participants. Outside of the subitizing range, blind and sighted-seeing participants showed better performance
than did sighted-blindfolded participants, suggesting that lack of access to the predominant sensory modality does affect
performance. Together, these findings further support the claim that subitizing is a general perceptual mechanism and demonstrate
that vision is not necessary for the development of the subitizing mechanism. 相似文献
20.
Peter J. Riggs 《Erkenntnis》2008,68(1):21-39
The deBroglie–Bohm quantum potential is the potential energy function of the wave field. The quantum potential facilitates
the transference of energy from wave field to particle and back again which accounts for energy conservation in isolated quantum
systems. Factors affecting energy exchanges and the form of the quantum potential are discussed together with the related
issues of the absence of a source term for the wave field and the lack of a classical back reaction. 相似文献