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971.
Marianna Szabó 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(3):235-245
This study investigated developmental differences in the relationship of probability and cost estimates to worrying. Adults,
younger children (M age = 8.67 years) and older children (M age = 11.06 years) rated the extent to which they worry about a list of negative social and physical outcomes and provided
subjective probability and cost estimates for the same outcomes. Adults reported worrying more about social outcomes and rated
them as less ‘bad’ (or costly) but more likely to occur than physical outcomes. Unlike adults, children in both age groups
reported worrying more about physical outcomes. However, similar to adults, they also rated social outcomes as less ‘bad’
but more likely to occur than physical outcomes. Regression analyses showed that probability ratings were the best predictors
of worry in adults, both probability and cost ratings equally predicted worry in older children, but only cost ratings predicted
worry in younger children.
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Marianna SzabóEmail: |
972.
Isabel Caro Gabalda Amparo Coscollá Iranzo Inmaculada Calvo Penadés Berta López Montesinos 《Counselling psychology quarterly》2009,22(3):283-295
The objective of our study was to make a first exploratory study about the psychological status of children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases exploring, also, the significant differences between girls and boys. A total of 123 children (81 girls and 42 boys) with rheumatic diseases, between the ages of 1 and 19 years old were assessed using different measures for evaluating behavioral and emotional problems. The results showed a picture of a mild or moderate degree of psychological problems in the different measures of anxiety, depression, general distress and behavioral problems. Girls, compared to boys, scored higher in most of the measures used, showing more internalizing than externalizing kinds of symptoms. The results suggest the importance of making a more detailed study of these children, comparing them with matched controls and making prospective, longitudinal studies in order to detect psychological problems, and to explore the influence of predictive variables. 相似文献
973.
Ricardo Olmos José A. León Guillermo Jorge-Botana Inmaculada Escudero 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(3):944-950
In this study, we compared four expert graders with latent semantic analysis (LSA) to assess short summaries of an expository text. As is well known, there are technical difficulties for LSA to establish a good semantic representation when analyzing short texts. In order to improve the reliability of LSA relative to human graders, we analyzed three new algorithms by two holistic methods used in previous research (León, Olmos, Escudero, Cañas, &; Salmerón, 2006). The three new algorithms were (1) the semantic common network algorithm, an adaptation of an algorithm proposed by W. Kintsch (2001, 2002) with respect to LSA as a dynamic model of semantic representation; (2) a best-dimension reduction measure of the latent semantic space, selecting those dimensions that best contribute to improving the LSA assessment of summaries (Hu, Cai, Wiemer-Hastings, Graesser, &; McNamara, 2007); and (3) the Euclidean distance measure, used by Rehder et al. (1998), which incorporates at the same time vector length and the cosine measures. A total of 192 Spanish middle-grade students and 6 experts took part in this study. They read an expository text and produced a short summary. Results showed significantly higher reliability of LSA as a computerized assessment tool for expository text when it used a best-dimension algorithm rather than a standard LSA algorithm. The semantic common network algorithm also showed promising results. 相似文献
974.
975.
In spite of the rather different procedures actually used in comparative studies to test the ability of different species
to rely on the human pointing gesture, there is no debate on the high performance of dogs in such tasks. Very little is known,
however, on the course through which they acquire this ability or the probable factors influencing the process. Important
developmental questions have remained unsolved and also some methodological concerns should be addressed before we can convincingly
argue for one interpretation or another. In this study we tested 180 dogs of different age (from 2 months to adults) to investigate
their performance in the human distal momentary pointing gesture. The results, analyzed at both the group and the individual
levels, showed no difference in the performance according to age, indicating that in dogs the comprehension of the human pointing
may require only very limited and rapid early learning to fully develop. Interestingly, neither the keeping conditions nor
the time spent in active interaction with the owner, and not even some special (agility) training for using human visual cues,
had significant effect on the success and explained individual differences. The performance of the dogs was rather stable
over time: during the 20 trials within a session and even when subsamples of different age were repeatedly tested. Considering
that in spite of the general success at the group level, more than half of the dogs were not successful at the individual
level, we revealed alternative “decision-making rules” other than following the pointing gesture of the experimenter.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Márta GácsiEmail: |
976.
Árni KristjÁnsson Andri Bjarnason Árni Bragi Hjaltason Bryndís Gyda Stefánsdóttir 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2009,71(5):1027-1041
Features that we have recently attended to strongly influence how we allocate visual attention across a subsequently viewed visual scene. Here, we investigate the characteristics of any such repetition effects during visual search for Gabor patch targets drifting in the odd direction relative to a set of distractors. The results indicate that repetition of motion direction has a strong effect upon subsequent allocation of attention. This was the case for judgments of a target’s presence or absence, of a target’s location, and of the color of a target drifting in the odd direction. Furthermore, distractor repetition on its own can facilitate search performance on subsequent trials, indicating that the benefits of repetition of motion direction are not confined to repetition of target features. We also show that motion direction need not be the target-defining dimension throughout a trial block for motion priming to occur, but that priming can build up with only one presentation of a given target direction, even within blocks of trials where the target may, unpredictably, be defined by a different feature (color, in this case), showing that dimensional-weighting accounts cannot, on their own, account for motion direction priming patterns. Finally, we show by randomizing the set size between trials that priming of motion direction can decrease search rates in visual search. 相似文献
977.
This study examined the size of differences in self-reported family, marital, and gender-role values in five cultural groups in the Netherlands (6338 Dutch mainstreamers and 422 Turkish, 369 Moroccan, 429 Surinamese, and 394 Antillean first- and second-generation immigrants). It was found that the three value scales were neither completely independent, nor could they be merged into a single value scale. The factor structures of all scales were identical for the five cultural groups, implying that the concepts can be compared. Age, sex, and notably education accounted for a substantial part of the cultural differences in all values. Cultural differences were larger for marital and family values than for gender-role values. Family and marital values yielded the same rank order of mean scores in the five cultural groups: Turks and Moroccans scored the lowest (having the most traditional values), followed by Surinamers, Antilleans, and Dutch mainstreamers. This rank order corresponds with the ethnic hierarchy of cultural groups that is based on the evaluation of ethnic groups by mainstreamers according to their liking of and likeness to ethnic groups. Generational differences were not found for family and gender-role values but first-generation immigrants in all groups had more traditional marital values than had second-generation immigrants. It was concluded that the theoretical framework based on a combination of three Hofstede dimensions (individualism-collectivism, power-distance, and femininity-masculinity), a model of the hierarchy of the ethnic groups in the Dutch society, and acculturation theory provided an adequate way to address family, marital, and gender-role value differences in the five cultural groups. 相似文献
978.
In the last few decades, several works on cognitive processing during sleep have emerged. The study of cognitive processing with event related potentials (ERPs) during sleep is a topic of great interest, since ERPs allow the study of stimulation with passive paradigms (without conscious response or behavioural response), opening multiple research possibilities during different sleep phases. We review ERPs modulated by cognitive processes during sleep: N1, Mismatch Negativity (MMN), P2, P3, N400-like, N300-N550, among others. The review shows that there are different cognitive discriminations during sleep related to the frequency, intensity, duration, saliency, novelty, proportion of appearance, meaning, and even sentential integration of stimuli. The fascinating results of cognitive processing during sleep imply serious challenges for cognitive models. The studies of ERPs, together with techniques of neuroimaging, have demonstrated the existence of cognitive processing during sleep. A fundamental question to be considered is if these cognitive phenomena are similar to processing that occurs during wakefulness. Based on this question we discussed the existence of possible mechanisms associated with sleep, as well as the specific cognitive and neurophysiologic differences of wakefulness and sleep. Much knowledge is still required to even understand the conjunction of dramatic changes in cerebral dynamics and the occurrence of cognitive processes. We propose some insights based on ERPs research for further construction of theoretical models for integrating both cognitive processing and specific brain sleep dynamics. 相似文献
979.
Hybrid and alternating identity styles are dynamic strategies that members of immigrant and ethnic minority groups use to maintain multiple cultural identities. Although research shows that the two strategies predict different outcomes for cultural identity development and psychological well-being, less is known about their antecedents. The present study investigated the temporal relationship between intercultural abilities (i.e. intercultural effectiveness) and the activation of hybrid and alternating identity styles in a community sample of Filipino and Indian New Zealanders. Cross-lagged analysis indicated that intercultural abilities positively predicted the hybrid identity style and negatively predicted the alternating identity style. Cultural identity styles were not predictive of intercultural abilities over time. Multigroup analysis indicated equivalence of regression paths across ethnic groups. Findings suggest that intercultural abilities function as an antecedent of cultural identity styles. 相似文献
980.
Sex Roles - Created by U.S. Black female activist, Tarana Burke, the #MeToo movement gained popularity in 2017, shedding light on the pervasive sexual harassment and assault of women. Since long... 相似文献