文本阅读中信息的协调性整合

根据文本阅读双加工理论的主要观点, 研究者提出了“协调性整合”这一信息加工形式, 然后通过设计一系列的实验, 系统探讨了文本阅读中协调性整合的性质、过程和条件等内容, 这些研究成果验证并支撑了文本阅读双加工理论的核心观点, 进一步丰富了文本阅读双加工理论的内容, 推动了文本阅读研究的进一步发展。     

初二学生知觉到的教师期望、自我价值感与目标取向的关系研究

以274名初中二年级学生为被试,采用验证性因素分析和多元回归方法对教师期望、自我价值感及目标取向的关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)人口统计学变量(性别和班别)对教师期望、自我价值感及目标取向有影响。(2)教师期望与自我价值感和目标取向相关显著:积极效应与自我价值感及目标取向的各维度呈显著正相关,消极效应与自我价值感及目标取向各维度呈显著负相关。(3)在控制了人口统计学变量后,教师期望与自我价值感仍对目标取向各维度具有较强的预测作用。(4)自我价值感在教师期望对目标取向各维度的影响上起到了中介作用。     

初二学生知觉到的教师期望、自我价值感与自我效能的关系研究

以 2 55名初中二年级学生为被试 ,采用验证性因素分析和多元回归方法对教师期望、自我价值感及自我效能的关系进行研究。结果表明 :(1 )人口统计学变量 (性别和班别 )对教师期望、自我价值感及自我效能有影响。 (2 )教师期望与自我价值感和自我效能相关显著 :积极效应与自我价值感及自我效能的各维度呈显著正相关 ,消极效应与自我价值感及自我效能各维度呈显著负相关。 (3 )在控制了人口统计学变量后 ,教师期望与自我价值感仍对自我效能各维度具有较强的预测作用。 (4)自我价值感在教师期望对自我效能各维度的影响上起到了中介作用     

“动作-评价”效应:动作与认知的交互作用

"动作-评价"效应是具身认知理论的一个重要的支持性证据。早期研究表明,人们倾向于对积极刺激做"拉"反应而对消极刺激做"推"反应,进而在效价评定过程中表现出一种"动作-评价"效应。而随后一系列研究发现该效应的表现模式并非固定,并且该效应的发生不仅限于"推拉"动作。相应的,研究者也对这些现象做出了多种观点解释。进一步研究需继续深入探索"动作-评价"效应的本质及该效应的局限范围,以统合各种观点。     

心理理论和语言能力的关系

心理理论和语言能力的关系已日益引起研究者们的关注.文章综述了以非人灵长类动物、正常儿童和特殊人群为对象进行的有关心理理论和语言关系的研究,从比较和发展的角度进行了理论分析.提出一定的语言能力水平也许是通过心理理论测试的前提条件,但二者有着不同的发展规律,并表现为复杂的共存关系.     

A sex difference in the specificity of sexual arousal

Sexual arousal is category-specific in men; heterosexual men are more aroused by female than by male sexual stimuli, whereas homosexual men show the opposite pattern. There is reason to believe that female sexual arousal is organized differently. We assessed genital and subjective sexual arousal to male and female sexual stimuli in women, men, and postoperative male-to-female transsexuals. In contrast to men, women showed little category specificity on either the genital or the subjective measure. Both heterosexual and homosexual women experienced strong genital arousal to both male and female sexual stimuli. Transsexuals showed a category-specific pattern, demonstrating that category specificity can be detected in the neovagina using a photoplethysmographic measure of female genital sexual arousal. In a second study, we showed that our results for females are unlikely to be explained by ascertainment biases. These findings suggest that sexual arousal patterns play fundamentally different roles in male and female sexuality.     

The social psychology of disordered eating: The Situated Identity Enactment model

Eating disorders and subclinical behaviours such as dangerous dieting are a significant public health burden in the modern world. We argue that a social-psychological model of disordered eating is needed to explain how sociocultural factors are psychologically represented and subsequently reflected in an individual’s cognitions and behaviour. We present evidence that three central elements shape disordered eating – social norms, social identity and social context – and integrate these within a Situated Identity Enactment (SIE) model. Specifically, the SIE model states that social context determines the salience of both social norms and social identities. Social norms then influence disordered eating behaviour, but only to the extent that they are consistent represented in the content of a person’s social identities. We conclude by outlining the implications of the SIE model for researchers and practitioners in the domain of disordered eating, focusing in particular on the need for, and potential value of, theory-derived social interventions.     

Cognitive constraints on motor imagery

Executed bimanual movements are prepared slower when moving to symbolically different than when moving to symbolically same targets and when targets are mapped to target locations in a left/right fashion than when they are mapped in an inner/outer fashion [Weigelt et al. (Psychol Res 71:238–447, 2007)]. We investigated whether these cognitive bimanual coordination constraints are observable in motor imagery. Participants performed fast bimanual reaching movements from start to target buttons. Symbolic target similarity and mapping were manipulated. Participants performed four action conditions: one execution and three imagination conditions. In the latter they indicated starting, ending, or starting and ending of the movement. We measured movement preparation (RT), movement execution (MT) and the combined duration of movement preparation and execution (RTMT). In all action conditions RTs and MTs were longer in movements towards different targets than in movements towards same targets. Further, RTMTs were longer when targets were mapped to target locations in a left/right fashion than when they were mapped in an inner/outer fashion, again in all action conditions. RTMTs in imagination and execution were similar, apart from the imagination condition in which participants indicated the start and the end of the movement. Here MTs, but not RTs, were longer than in the execution condition. In conclusion, cognitive coordination constraints are present in the motor imagery of fast (<1600 ms) bimanual movements. Further, alternations between inhibition and execution may prolong the duration of motor imagery.     

如何建立聊天机器人与用户间的数字治疗联盟：关系线索的作用

近年来,研究者们将“治疗联盟”(Therapeutic Alliance,TA)的概念与在线自助干预(Internet-based Self-help Interventions,ISIs)相结合,以解决ISIs中用户参与度较低的问题。这种在数字环境中形成的TA,被称之为“数字治疗联盟”(Digital Therapeutic Alliance, DTA)。随着人工智能的迅速发展,聊天机器人可模拟人类指导,相对于传统ISIs程序更易于与用户建立关系,可通过友好、尊重、倾听、鼓励、真诚、理解、信任这几个关系线索来促进DTA的发展,为解决用户低参与度的问题提供了一种新思路。未来的研究可从影响因素、ISIs技术迭代、测量规范、实验操纵等方面对DTA作进一步的探索。