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61.
Michael T. Wojnowicz Melissa J. Ferguson Rick Dale Michael J. Spivey 《Psychological science》2009,20(11):1428-1435
ABSTRACT— How do minds produce explicit attitudes over several hundred milliseconds? Speeded evaluative measures have revealed implicit biases beyond cognitive control and subjective awareness, yet mental processing may culminate in an explicit attitude that feels personally endorsed and corroborates voluntary intentions. We argue that self-reported explicit attitudes derive from a continuous, temporally dynamic process, whereby multiple simultaneously conflicting sources of information self-organize into a meaningful mental representation. While our participants reported their explicit (like vs. dislike) attitudes toward White versus Black people by moving a cursor to a "like" or "dislike" response box, we recorded streaming x - and y -coordinates from their hand-movement trajectories. We found that participants' hand-movement paths exhibited greater curvature toward the "dislike" response when they reported positive explicit attitudes toward Black people than when they reported positive explicit attitudes toward White people. Moreover, these trajectories were characterized by movement disorder and competitive velocity profiles that were predicted under the assumption that the deliberate attitudes emerged from continuous interactions between multiple simultaneously conflicting constraints. 相似文献
62.
A differential reinforcement of low (DRL) rates procedure was implemented as a changing criterion design with positive punishment and response marking to reduce attention‐maintained behavior of screaming, profanity, and disruptive behaviors of three adolescent males. One participant was diagnosed with static encephalopathy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and severe mental retardation, the other two were diagnosed with Down syndrome, one with moderate mental retardation, and the other with severe mental retardation. Through response marking, a verbal warning was delivered immediately following the initial occurrence of a target behavior. A special token (positive punishment) was immediately delivered with a verbal cue and placed on a behavior board following the next occurrence of that behavior. Appropriate requests (hand‐raising) for attention was acknowledged and reinforced with verbal praise. The DRL procedure, combined with positive punishment and response marking, was successful in decreasing the frequency of targeted behaviors amongst all participants. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
63.
Recent findings have provided much insight into the mechanisms underlying long-term memory formation, and it is now known that long-term memory depends on the activation of a molecular cascade that culminates with structural changes in the brain. However, little is known about the signals that give rise to or regulate these structural changes. In this article we propose that fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), a mitogen for several cell types, may be one of the molecular signals critically involved in the structural changes underlying long-term memory. If FGF2 is part of the signalling cascade involved in long-term memory, then increasing the activation of FGF2 should facilitate memory. In Experiments 1 and 2, we demonstrated that systemic injection of FGF2 (20 ng/g of body weight) facilitated memory for contextual fear in 16, 19, and 22 day old male Sprague Dawley rats. Experiment 3 demonstrated that the observed facilitation of memory was not due to FGF2 increasing rats’ sensitivity to footshock. These results implicate FGF2 as a possible molecular signal in long-term memory, and further, illustrate a novel means of enhancing memory. 相似文献
64.
Rick Grush 《Synthese》2007,159(3):389-416
An attempt is made to defend a general approach to the spatial content of perception, an approach according to which perception
is imbued with spatial content in virtue of certain kinds of connections between perceiving organism’s sensory input and its
behavioral output. The most important aspect of the defense involves clearly distinguishing two kinds of perceptuo-behavioral
skills—the formation of dispositions, and a capacity for emulation. The former, the formation of dispositions, is argued to
by the central pivot of spatial content. I provide a neural information processing interpretation of what these dispositions
amount to, and describe how dispositions, so understood, are an obvious implementation of Gareth Evans’ proposal on the topic.
Furthermore, I describe what sorts of contribution are made by emulation mechanisms, and I also describe exactly how the emulation
framework differs from similar but distinct notions with which it is often unhelpfully confused, such as sensorimotor contingencies
and forward models. 相似文献
65.
The time course of categorization was investigated in four experiments, which revealed graded competitive effects in a categorization task. Participants clicked one of two categories (e.g., mammal or fish) in response to atypical or typical exemplars (e.g., whale or cat) in the form of words (Experiments 1 and 2) or pictures (Experiments 3 and 4). Streaming x, y coordinates of mouse movement trajectories were recorded. Normalized mean trajectories revealed a graded competitive process: Atypical exemplars produced trajectories with greater curvature toward the competing category than did typical exemplars. The experiments contribute to recent examination of the time course of categorization and carry implications for theories of representation in cognitive science. 相似文献
66.
J. Rick Turner Frank A. Treiber Harry Davis Joseph Rectanwald Walter Pipkin William B. Strong 《Behavior research methods》1997,29(3):386-389
Eighteen subjects (11 males, 7 females) completed a virtual reality car-driving stressor on two occasions several weeks apart. Immediately before and throughout task performance, blood pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance were assessed. Reactivity scores were calculated for each parameter for each subject as the arithmetic difference between task level and baseline level. The task elicited considerable hemodynamic activation on each occasion of testing, as well as high levels of self-reported task realism, engagement, excitement, and nervousness. Correlation analyses of both absolute and reactivity scores revealed evidence of test-retest reliability. Males were found to exhibit greater absolute levels of and greater increases in systolic blood pressure. The development of tasks suitable for inclusion in a battery of behavioral stressors, responses to which may help identify those at risk for later disease, is of considerable interest in cardiovascular behavioral medicine. The present findings suggest that the virtual reality car-driving task may be useful in this context. 相似文献
67.
Rick W. Marrs 《American journal of community psychology》1995,23(6):843-870
Used meta-analysis to examine the efficacy of bibliotherapy. Bibliotherapy treatments were compared to control groups and
therapist-administered treatments. The mean estimated effect size (d) of the 70 samples analyzed was +0.565. There was no significant differences between the effects of bibliotherapy and therapist-administered
treatments, as well as no significant erosion of effect sizes at follow-up. Bibliotherapy did appear more effective for certain
problem types (assertion training, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction) than for others (weight loss, impulse control, and studying
problems). Overall, the amount of therapist contact during bibliotherapy did not seem to relate to effectiveness, but there
was evidence that certain problem types (weight loss and anxiety reduction) responded better with increased therapist contact.
Recommendations for future research were given, especially for more research on the commonly purchased books and moderator
analyses by personality type and reading ability.
This article is based on a doctoral dissertation by Rick W. Marrs under the direction of Steven D. Brown at Loyola University
of Chicago. I gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Brown as well as of my other committee members, Joseph Durlak and
Gloria Lewis. I also gratefully acknowledge the assistance in coding done by Laura Marrs and John Gibson and helpful editorial
comments made by Wayne Lucht. 相似文献
68.
Rick J. Strassman 《Journal of Near-Death Studies》1997,16(1):27-41
This commentary on Karl Jansen's ketamine model for the near-death experience expands upon and raises additional questions about several issues and hypotheses: self-experimentation as a source of data; ketamine's similarities to and differences from classical hallucinogens; the need for quantification of unusual subjective states; clinical research and toxicological implications of this model; drugs as gateways to religious states; and evolutionary versus religious significance of naturally occurring compounds released in the near-death state. I suggest future research that could help explicate several of these areas.Formerly Associate Professor of Psychiatry at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine 相似文献
69.
Rick M. Gardner Suzanne Dalsing Beth Reyes Shirley Brake 《Behavior research methods》1984,16(5):425-436
A table of criterion values for use with the theory of signal detection (TSD) is presented. Criterion values (β) are presented for varying proportions of hits and false alarms. A brief explanation of signal detection theory is given, and the measures for sensory sensitivity (d′) and response criterion (β) are described. 相似文献
70.
Observers who lie supine with their heads inverted report large (up to 60°) tilt of a light line in an otherwise dark room when their heads and/or bodies are tilted. Most observers report that visual subjective vertical is tilted in the direction opposite to the head/body tilt. The results can be interpreted by employing a model developed by Mittelstaedt (1983), which suggests that visual subjective vertical is derived from a gravity vector transduced by vestibular and somesthetic receptors combined with “idiotropic vectors” that represent the orientation of the observer’s own head and body axes. 相似文献