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991.
Mandy Rispoli Mark O’Reilly Russell Lang Jeff Sigafoos Austin Mulloy Jeannie Aguilar George Singer 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2011,20(4):224-232
This study evaluated the influence of language of implementation on functional analysis outcomes for a child with a severe
intellectual disability from a Spanish-speaking home. Challenging behavior was assessed during 5-min sessions under 4 conditions;
attention, play-verbal, play-nonverbal, and demand and across 2 phases; implementation in English versus Spanish. The highest
levels of challenging behavior occurred during the attention and demand conditions of the English phases. These results suggest
that the language of implementation may influence the overall levels of challenging behavior within functional analysis conditions. 相似文献
992.
This special issue of the Journal of Behavioral Education was prepared to highlight the use of a range of assistive technologies for promoting improved learning and adaptive behavior
functioning among individuals with severe disabilities. The range of technologies evaluated in this special issue includes
microswitches, assistive communication devices, iPods, and computer-based technologies. Collectively, these papers illustrate
how the use of assistive technology can be taught and evaluated to ascertain its effects on learning and adaptive functioning
among person with severe disabilities. 相似文献
993.
Talking reduces attention resulting in real-world crash risks to drivers that talk on a phone and drive. Driving is a behavior
that is very demanding on spatial attention, suggesting potentially large interference by spatial codes in language. The current
study investigated how different types of verbal codes influence visual attention during dual-task performance. In two experiments,
participants performed a spatial or non-spatial verbal task while simultaneously performing a visual attention task. The results
showed a larger decrement to visual attention performance when participants were concurrently engaged in a spatial verbal
task. The results of the second experiment isolated this effect to the right cerebral hemisphere, consistent with a role for
shared right parietal resources. These results are consistent with the idea that processing codes are an important component
of coordinating talking and driving but generally inconsistent with a broad class of bottleneck approaches that describes
dual-task decrements but treats component tasks as cognitively equivalent. 相似文献
994.
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the long-term consequences of positive wellbeing in childhood in the general population. We used the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (the British 1946 birth cohort) to test associations between adolescent positive wellbeing and social functioning in midlife. METHOD: Temperament and behaviour at ages 13 and 15 years were rated by school teachers on a range of criteria. These mostly referred to absence or presence of conduct and emotional problems, but four items allowed positive ratings: 'very popular with other children', 'unusually happy and contented', 'makes friends extremely easily' and 'extremely energetic, never tired'. In addition, at age 16 years survey members self-completed the Maudsley Personality Inventory, from which a summary measure of extraversion was derived, as this was previously found to be associated with midlife positive wellbeing in this cohort. RESULTS: Being a happy child, defined as receiving at least two of the above teacher ratings, was positively associated with midlife functioning and wellbeing, specifically a low probability of lifetime emotional problems, a high frequency of contact with friends or relatives, engagement in social activities, and to a lesser extent feeling satisfied with accomplishments in working life. These associations were independent of father's social class, childhood cognition, educational attainment, and midlife occupational social class. There were no independent associations between being a happy child and educational or occupational attainment, being married, engagement in prosocial activities, taking leadership in community activities, and with life satisfaction in general or with family life. Extraversion was associated with a low probability of lifetime emotional problems, high engagement in social activities, being married, general midlife life satisfaction, and satisfaction with family life, but not with social contact, prosocial activity, leadership activity, or work satisfaction. While childhood conduct and emotional problems were associated with few of the social and life satisfaction outcomes, the former were negatively associated with educational and occupational attainment, and positively with divorce, whereas the latter were negatively associated with being married. CONCLUSIONS: Prospectively rated childhood wellbeing has long-term beneficial links to adult functioning; our results also support the view that positive wellbeing has a unique impact on these outcomes, and does not merely represent the absence of mental ill-health. 相似文献
995.
Emotion theorists have long debated whether valence, which ranges from pleasant to unpleasant states, is an irreducible aspect of the experience of emotion or whether positivity and negativity are separable in experience. If valence is irreducible, it follows that people cannot feel happy and sad at the same time. Conversely, if positivity and negativity are separable, people may be able to experience such mixed emotions. The authors tested several alternative interpretations for prior evidence that happiness and sadness can co-occur in bittersweet situations (i.e., those containing both pleasant and unpleasant aspects). One possibility is that subjects who reported mixed emotions merely vacillated between happiness and sadness. The authors tested this hypothesis in Studies 1-3 by asking subjects to complete online continuous measures of happiness and sadness. Subjects reported more simultaneously mixed emotions during a bittersweet film clip than during a control clip. Another possibility is that subjects in earlier studies reported mixed emotions only because they were explicitly asked whether they felt happy and sad. The authors tested this hypothesis in Studies 4-6 with open-ended measures of emotion. Subjects were more likely to report mixed emotions after the bittersweet clip than the control clip. Both patterns occurred even when subjects were told that they were not expected to report mixed emotions (Studies 2 and 5) and among subjects who did not previously believe that people could simultaneously feel happy and sad (Studies 3 and 6). These results provide further evidence that positivity and negativity are separable in experience. 相似文献
996.
We describe methods for assessing all possible criteria (i.e., dependent variables) and subsets of criteria for regression
models with a fixed set of predictors, x (where x is an n×1 vector of independent variables). Our methods build upon the geometry of regression coefficients (hereafter called regression
weights) in n-dimensional space. For a full-rank predictor correlation matrix, R
xx, of order n, and for regression models with constant R
2 (coefficient of determination), the OLS weight vectors for all possible criteria terminate on the surface of an n-dimensional ellipsoid. The population performance of alternate regression weights—such as equal weights, correlation weights,
or rounded weights—can be modeled as a function of the Cartesian coordinates of the ellipsoid. These geometrical notions can
be easily extended to assess the sampling performance of alternate regression weights in models with either fixed or random
predictors and for models with any value of R
2. To illustrate these ideas, we describe algorithms and R (R Development Core Team, 2009) code for: (1) generating points that are uniformly distributed on the surface of an n-dimensional ellipsoid, (2) populating the set of regression (weight) vectors that define an elliptical arc in ℝ
n
, and (3) populating the set of regression vectors that have constant cosine with a target vector in ℝ
n
. Each algorithm is illustrated with real data. The examples demonstrate the usefulness of studying all possible criteria
when evaluating alternate regression weights in regression models with a fixed set of predictors. 相似文献
997.
The authors proposed and tested a model in which data were collected from managers (n = 539) at 116 corporate-owned quick service restaurants to assess the structural and psychological empowerment process as moderated by shared-felt accountability on indices of performance from a managerial perspective. The authors found that empowering leadership climate positively relates to psychological empowerment climate. In turn, psychological empowerment climate relates to performance only under conditions of high-felt accountability; it does not relate to performance under conditions of low-felt accountability. Overall, the present results indicate that the quick-service restaurant managers, who feel more empowered, operate restaurants that perform better than managers who feel less empowered, but only when those empowered managers also feel a high sense of accountability. 相似文献
998.
Jeff Levin Linda M. Chatters Robert Joseph Taylor 《Journal of religion and health》2011,50(2):389-406
This paper provides an overview of theory in religion, aging, and health. It offers both a primer on theory and a roadmap
for researchers. Four “tenses” of theory are described—distinct ways that theory comes into play in this field: grand theory,
mid-range theory, use of theoretical models, and positing of constructs which mediate or moderate putative religious effects.
Examples are given of both explicit and implicit uses of theory. Sources of theory for this field are then identified, emphasizing
perspectives of sociologists and psychologists, and discussion is given to limitations of theory. Finally, reflections are
offered as to why theory matters. 相似文献
999.
Jeff A. Snapper 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2011,69(1):45-56
In this paper I show that two arguments for the inconsistency of skeptical theism fail. After setting up the debate in “Introduction”
section, I show in “The initial debate” section why Mylan Engel’s argument (Engel 2004) against skeptical theism does not
succeed. In “COST” section I strengthen the argument so that it both avoids my reply to Engel and parallels Jon Laraudogoitia’s
argument against skeptical theism (Laraudogoitia 2000). In “COST*” section, I provide three replies—one by an evidentialist
theist, one by a closure-denying theist, and one by a necessitarian theist, and argue that the necessitarian’s reply successfully
rebuts the inconsistency charge. I conclude that skeptical theism which accepts God’s necessary existence is immune to both
kinds of arguments for its inconsistency. 相似文献
1000.
Jeff Speaks 《Philosophical Studies》2011,156(3):339-361
Even if spectrum inversion of various sorts is possible, spectrum inversion without a difference in representation is not.
So spectrum inversion does not pose a challenge for the intentionalist thesis that, necessarily, within a given sense modality,
if two experiences are alike with respect to content, they are also alike with respect to their phenomenal character. On the
contrary, reflection on variants of standard cases of spectrum inversion provides a strong argument for intentionalism. Depending
on one’s views about the possibility of spectrum inversion, the impossibility of spectrum inversion without a difference in
representation can also be used as an argument against a variety of reductive theories of mental representation. 相似文献