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941.
Kitchener RF 《Ethics & behavior》1991,1(4):221-238
In this article, I am concerned with the ethical foundations of behavior therapy, that is, with the normative ethics and the meta-ethics underlying behavior therapy. In particular, I am concerned with questions concerning the very possibilty of providing an ethical justification for things done in the context of therapy. Because behavior therapists must be able to provide an ethical justification for various actions (if the need arises), certain meta-ethical views widely accepted by behavior therapists must be abandoned; in particular, one must give up ethical subjectivism, ethical skepticism, and ethical relativism. An additional task is to show how it is possible to provide a nonsubjective, nonskeptical, and nonrelativistic moral justification for an ethical statement. Although this is a monumental task, I provide a rough sketch of such a model, one that is congenial to the value judgments underlying behavior therapy. 相似文献
942.
Analysis of the elements of attention: A neuropsychological approach 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Allan F. Mirsky Bruno J. Anthony Connie C. Duncan Mary Beth Ahearn Sheppard G. Kellam 《Neuropsychology review》1991,2(2):109-145
A model for conceptualizing the components or elements of attention is presented. The model substitutes for the diffuse and global concept of attention a group of four processes and links them to a putative system of cerebral structures. Data in support of the model are presented; they are derived from neuropsychological test scores obtained from two samples, the first consisting of 203 adult neuropsychiatric patients and normal control subjects, and the second, an epidemiologically-based sample of 435 elementary school children. Principal components analyses of test scores from these two populations yielded similar results: a set of independent elements of attention that are assayed by different tests. This work presents a heuristic for clinical research in which the measurement of attention is essential. 相似文献
943.
BOBBY J. PRIEST S. THOMAS KORDINAK TIMOTHY F. WYNKOOP 《Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling》1991,12(1):2-11
The Defining Issues Test (DIT) was administered to three groups of adult male inmates in two categories to compare their levels of moral development. The distribution of DIT scores was found to be similar to those of nonfelonious samples. Implications for the treatment of offender populations are discussed. 相似文献
944.
Richard A McCormick 《Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal》1991,1(4):303-305
...In conclusion, let me agree with Robertson that reasonable persons may indeed disagree on concrete conclusions touching preembryo freezing, discard, research, and diagnosis. But it is one of the challenges to reasonable people to give reasons for their conclusions. When Robertson notes that preembryo research "has been found acceptable by most bodies that have examined the subject," he leaves unstated the fact that many of these bodies have not given reasons for their conclusions. This is especially true of the Warnock Committee. It is definitely not true of John Robertson. He has attempted to give analytic support for his rather permissive positions. I find this support too fragile for its assigned task, though I hasten to say that this does not mean that only a totally prohibitive position is defensible or is mine. Prima facie still means prima facie. 相似文献
945.
Dr. Fabricio E. Balcazar Ph.D. Richard Majors Ph.D. Katherine A. Blanchard M.A. Adrienne Paine M.A. Yolanda Suarez-Balcazar Ph.D. Stephen B. Fawcett Ph.D. Ray Murphy M.A. Jim Meyer B.A. 《Journal of Behavioral Education》1991,1(4):445-454
Recruiting help from mentors and other potential helpers is a promising strategy for helping disadvantaged and minority youths meet their personal and educational goals. Three African-American high school seniors participated in a project designed to evaluate the effectiveness of training procedures that would allow them to ask for help in attaining educational and other personal goals. A behavioral training procedure that included instructional materials, role-play practice, praise, and feedback was used. Targeted skills included goal setting and 30 responses involved in the process of meeting with a potential helper. Role-play situations were used to evaluate participants' help-recruiting skills before and after training. Participants increased their help-recruiting skills from an average of 38% during baseline, to an average of 75% after training. Self-reported measures of goal attainment suggested that the students benefited from the training. Implications for mentoring programs designed to increase minority students' opportunities to reach educational goals were discussed. 相似文献
946.
We present the steps that the Psychology Department, the Academic Computing Center (ACC), and the central administration at St. Olaf College have taken to integrate computing support into the operating budget of the college. In hindsight, we also propose a model of the diffusion of innovations into an organization as a theoretical guide to stabilizing support for computing in academic departments. The theoretical framework highlights the commonality between our particular adaptations and those that would most help at other institutions. 相似文献
947.
948.
Our original goal was to explore the nature of the grouping-by-movement phenomenon reported by Driver and Baylis (1989). In their studies, distractors that moved in common with a centrally located target had a larger influence on focused-attention performance than did more proximate but stationary distractors. These results seemed particularly important since they suggested, contrary to the predictions of space-based models of attention, that attention could be allocated to noncontiguous regions of the visual field. Their results also suggested mandatory processing of stimuli with common motion. Unfortunately, we were unable to replicate this grouping-by-movement effect. In the conditions of Experiment 1 in which we replicated Driver and Baylis’s methodology, stationary distractors produced a larger response-compatibility effect than did the more distant distractors that moved in common with the target. In Experiment 2, we redundantly coded the centrally located target and the far distractors with common movement and color. However, the results were identical to those obtained in Experiment J. The stationary near distractors that appeared in a different color from the target and the far distractors produced the largest response-compatibility effect. In a final experiment, we attempted to compensate for the reduced acuity of the moving distractors by adjusting their size by a cortical magnification factor. However, even with this manipulation, we found a larger response-compatibility effect for the stationary near distractors than for the moving distant distractors. Our results suggest that subjects are capable of selectively processing a target item that moves in common with distractors. 相似文献
949.
S. B. DUNNETT F. H. GAGE A. BJÖRKLUND U. STENEVI W. C. LOW S. D. IVERSEN 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1982,23(S1):104-111
A brief review is provided of the capacity of neural tissue transplants to reinnervate the deafferented hippocampus and repair functional deficits induced by the lesion. The techniques for transplantation of solid pieces of embryonic septum, locus coeruleus or raphe nuclei, or tissue suspensions of embryonic septum, to the adult rat hippocampus are described. Such grafts manifest good long-term survival, provide a good reinnervation of the hippocampus that is histochemically and biochemically appropriate and specific, can establish ultrastructural synaptic contacts with the host, and are electrophysiologically active. Rats with septal grafts manifest recovery of the capacity to learn certain aspects of radial 8-arm maze, T-maze alternation and Morris water-maze tasks. Rats with locus coeruleus grafts manifest an amelioration of lesion-induced hyperactivity. It is concluded that neural tissue transplantation provides a powerful new tool in the study of the functional organization of the hippocampus and its various neurotransmitter-specific afferent systems. 相似文献
950.
F. H. GAGE S. B. DUNNETT A. BJÖRKLUND U. STENEVI 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》1982,23(S1):112-120
Mammals are well known to manifest recovery over time of many functional impairments induced by brain lesions. A brief reveiw is provided of the different conceptual frameworks within which functional recovery has been examined in the literature, and of different neurobiological mechanisms that have been proposed to account for the phenomenon. We observe that these two levels of analysis have frequently been only loosely related. Finally, a newly identified biological mechanism—compensatory collateral sprouting—is described which appears to be closely related to functional recovery in animals with hippocampal lesions, and this is proposed as a powerful new model within which to investigate further the relationship between the phenomenon of functional recovery and its underlying mechanisms. 相似文献