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981.
Ann Streissguth 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2007,14(2):81-101
Before alcohol was generally known to cause birth defects, NIAAA in 1974 began funding a population-based Seattle study on
alcohol use and pregnancy outcome. Women receiving prenatal care by mid-pregnancy were recruited (N = 1,529) and interviewed at home. Approximately 500 offspring exposed to a range of alcohol levels were examined on 11 occasions
between day 1 and 25 years. Neuropsychological and neurobehavioral performance measures are correlated with prenatal alcohol
dose, without substantial confounding by socio-demographic or rearing conditions, smoking, nutrition, or other drugs. Deficits
in attention, arithmetic skill, spatial-visual memory, and IQ, as well as increased alcohol problems and psychiatric disorders
are among offspring outcomes correlated at several ages with maternal drinking during and before pregnancy recognition. Findings
are not confined to women who believed they had alcohol problems. Not all exposed offspring appear affected. 相似文献
982.
This study investigated factors associated with social anxiety during early adolescence using multiple informants, including
self and peer perspectives, teacher ratings, and direct observations. Negative social performance expectations, maladaptive
coping strategies, and social skill deficits were examined as correlates of social anxiety and mediators linking social anxiety
with poor peer relations. Participants were 84 middle school students (47 girls, 37 boys) over-sampled for elevated social
anxiety. Analyses revealed correlations linking social anxiety with decreased peer acceptance and increased peer victimization.
Path analysis indicated that negative social performance expectations and social withdrawal-disengagement accounted for the
association between social anxiety and decreased peer acceptance. Social anxiety, self-directed coping strategies, and social
withdrawal-disengagement were each directly linked with increased peer victimization for boys. The results replicate findings
based on clinical samples, extend understanding of cognitive, social, and behavioral factors associated with social anxiety
in middle school, and provide new information regarding gender differences in the correlates of social anxiety. 相似文献
983.
A test of the item intensity-specificity hypothesis is reported. The hypothesis was supported and may be extended to anxiety-trait measures as well. Other interpretations of the findings are also inspired. 相似文献
984.
J O Brooks M J Watkins 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》1989,15(5):968-976
Repeated exposure to novel stimuli tends to make the stimuli better liked. Examined here is the relation between this increment in liking and recognition of the stimuli. An attempt was made to replicate findings taken as evidence that liking is used as a basis for inferring prior exposure and thus for making recognition decisions (e.g., Matlin, 1971; Moreland & Zajonc, 1977). The claim was not supported. Although in each of five experiments liking and recognition were positively correlated, liking was less sensitive to prior exposure than was recognition. Moreover, statistical analyses suggested that if liking and recognition were causally related, recognition mediated liking rather than the other way around. 相似文献
985.
Richard J. Gerrig 《Cognitive Science》1989,13(2):235-241
Empirical analyses have provided some important constraints for computational theories of metaphor. Three such constraints relate to (1) the similar processing time for literal and metaphorical language, (2) the time-limited processing of many metaphors, and (3) the dissociation of metaphor comprehension and appreciation. Indurkhya's (1986, 1987) model is discussed with respect to these issues. 相似文献
986.
987.
The traditional view of cerebral lateralization of various cognitive functions has been challenged by results from recent experimental and clinical studies. Evidence has been gathered to suggest that a seemingly unitized cognitive function can be further broken down into various processing subcomponents which are distributed across the two hemispheres. For instance, according to such a more complex conceptualization of cerebral lateralization, language is seen not as a unitary ability, but rather as a collection of syntactic, semantic, and prosodic components, with each lateralized in particular manners. In much the same way, the present study attempts to examine the cerebral lateralization patterns of the seemingly unitary visual perception process. In a visual half-field experiment, 20 normal subjects were asked to make same/different judgments to laterally presented arrays of stimuli of the same type as previously studied by Treisman and her colleagues in experiments attempting to separate the preattentive and attentive stages of visual perception. Hemispheric differences were obtained only in tasks requiring attentive processing (i.e., Treisman's glueing). Results indicate a local attentional strategy for the left hemisphere and a global attentional strategy for the right hemisphere. 相似文献
988.
Forty women who had been selected by Lewis Terman in 1921 for his study of intellectually gifted California school children were reinterviewed in 1987 (Mean = 77 years, SE±1). These women had been prospectively followed by questionnaire over the intervening 65 years. Their capacity for creativity–putting something in the world that was not there before–was assessed by review of their prospectively gathered questionnaires and by retrospective interview. The 20 women viewed as most creative (usually for literary publication, art, music, or starting an organization) were more likely in the past to have manifested generativity, and at the present to have adjusted well to old age. Although the ego defenses of sublimation, humor, and altruism were more frequent among the creative women, no differences were noted in the happiness of their childhoods or their mental health prior to the present. 相似文献
989.
990.