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861.
862.
Different event-related potentials (ERPs) have been shown to correlate with learning from feedback in decision-making tasks
and with learning in explicit memory tasks. In the present study, we investigated which ERPs predict learning from corrective
feedback in a multiple-choice test, which combines elements from both paradigms. Participants worked through sets of multiple-choice
items of a Swahili–German vocabulary task. Whereas the initial presentation of an item required the participants to guess
the answer, corrective feedback could be used to learn the correct response. Initial analyses revealed that corrective feedback
elicited components related to reinforcement learning (FRN), as well as to explicit memory processing (P300) and attention
(early frontal positivity). However, only the P300 and early frontal positivity were positively correlated with successful
learning from corrective feedback, whereas the FRN was even larger when learning failed. These results suggest that learning
from corrective feedback crucially relies on explicit memory processing and attentional orienting to corrective feedback,
rather than on reinforcement learning. 相似文献
863.
Cooper NR Puzzo I Pawley AD Bowes-Mulligan RA Kirkpatrick EV Antoniou PA Kennett S 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2012,12(2):393-405
Ongoing debate in the literature concerns whether there is a link between contagious yawning and the human mirror neuron system
(hMNS). One way of examining this issue is with the use of the electroencephalogram (EEG) to measure changes in mu activation
during the observation of yawns. Mu oscillations are seen in the alpha bandwidth of the EEG (8–12 Hz) over sensorimotor areas.
Previous work has shown that mu suppression is a useful index of hMNS activation and is sensitive to individual differences
in empathy. In two experiments, we presented participants with videos of either people yawning or control stimuli. We found
greater mu suppression for yawns than for controls over right motor and premotor areas, particularly for those scoring higher
on traits of empathy. In a third experiment, auditory recordings of yawns were compared against electronically scrambled versions
of the same yawns. We observed greater mu suppression for yawns than for the controls over right lateral premotor areas. Again,
these findings were driven by those scoring highly on empathy. The results from these experiments support the notion that
the hMNS is involved in contagious yawning, emphasise the link between contagious yawning and empathy, and stress the importance
of good control stimuli. 相似文献
864.
Ravizza SM Goudreau J Delgado MR Ruiz S 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2012,12(1):193-206
Disruption of the dorsal frontostriatal pathways in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with impairments in motivation,
as well as in executive function. The goal of this study was to investigate whether these impairments are related and, if
so, whether the disruption of frontostriatal pathways compromises the ability to process the motivational aspects of feedback
in such tasks. In Experiment 1, informative feedback improved the performance of young, healthy participants in a task-switching paradigm. This task-switching
paradigm was then used in Experiment 2 to test whether feedback would improve the performance of 17 PD patients and age-matched controls. The PD group benefitted
from feedback to the same degree as control participants; however, depression scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were
significantly related to feedback usage, especially when response selection demands were high. Regardless of feedback, PD
patients were more impaired when response demands were high than in an equally difficult condition with low action demands.
These results suggest that response selection is a core impairment of insufficient dopamine to the dorsal frontal striatal
pathways. 相似文献
865.
Although the amount or scale of biographical knowledge held in store about a person may differ widely, little is known about
whether and how these differences may affect the retrieval processes triggered by the person’s face. In a learning paradigm,
we manipulated the scale of biographical knowledge while controlling for a common set of minimal knowledge and perceptual
experience with the faces. A few days after learning, and again after 6 months, knowledge effects were assessed in three tasks,
none of which concerned the additional knowledge. Whereas the performance effects of additional knowledge were small, event-related
brain potentials recorded during testing showed amplitude modulations in the time range of the N400 component—indicative of
knowledge access—but also at a much earlier latency in the P100 component—reflecting early stages of visual analysis. However,
no effects were found in the N170 component, which is taken to reflect structural analyses of faces. The present findings
replicate knowledge scale effects in object recognition and suggest that enhanced knowledge affects both early visual processes
and the later processes associated with semantic processing, even when this knowledge is not task-relevant. 相似文献
866.
This study examined how self-relevant failure influences error monitoring—as reflected in the error-related negativity (Ne/ERN)
—and behavioral adaptation during subsequent feedback-based learning. We applied two phases (pre- and posttest) of a probabilistic
learning task. Between pre- and posttest, participants were assigned to one of two groups receiving either failure feedback
or no feedback during a visual search task described as diagnostic of intellectual abilities. To disentangle the effects of
failure and motivational disengagement due to prolonged task performance, we linked the posttest to intelligence (Experiment
1) or described it in neutral terms (Experiment 2). Failure induction was associated with an increase in Ne/ERN amplitude at posttest in both experiments, although there were
no differences in overall performance. In contrast, the Ne/ERN decreased from pre- to posttest in the no-failure-feedback
group, particularly in Experiment 2. Furthermore, failure feedback affected error-related behavioral adjustments, suggesting a shift toward a reactive, error-driven
mode of behavior control. These findings emphasize the importance of affective-motivational state in error processing and
subsequent behavioral adaptation. 相似文献
867.
The present study addressed the hypothesis that emotional stimuli relevant to survival or reproduction (biologically emotional
stimuli) automatically affect cognitive processing (e.g., attention, memory), while those relevant to social life (socially
emotional stimuli) require elaborative processing to modulate attention and memory. Results of our behavioral studies showed
that (1) biologically emotional images hold attention more strongly than do socially emotional images, (2) memory for biologically
emotional images was enhanced even with limited cognitive resources, but (3) memory for socially emotional images was enhanced
only when people had sufficient cognitive resources at encoding. Neither images’ subjective arousal nor their valence modulated
these patterns. A subsequent functional magnetic resonance imaging study revealed that biologically emotional images induced
stronger activity in the visual cortex and greater functional connectivity between the amygdala and visual cortex than did
socially emotional images. These results suggest that the interconnection between the amygdala and visual cortex supports
enhanced attention allocation to biological stimuli. In contrast, socially emotional images evoked greater activity in the
medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and yielded stronger functional connectivity between the amygdala and MPFC than did biological
images. Thus, it appears that emotional processing of social stimuli involves elaborative processing requiring frontal lobe
activity. 相似文献
868.
MB Lewis 《Emotion (Washington, D.C.)》2012,12(4):852-859
The facial feedback effect (e.g., Strack et al., 1988) is explored in three experiments. It was found that when someone lowers their eyebrows, following instructions, their mood becomes more negative. If, however, they are instructed to raise their eyebrows they become more surprised by facts. Finally, if people are instructed to wrinkle their noses, then odors are evaluated as more unpleasant. While providing further diverse evidence for facial feedback, the experiments are also considered in the context of facial muscular paralysis induced as part of cosmetic treatments using botulinum toxin. The research presented here supports the previously suggested idea that such treatments could reduce depression, but other possible psychological impacts of such treatments are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
869.
Validity and reliability of a radio positioning system for tracking athletes in indoor and outdoor team sports 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Thuraiappah Sathyan Richard Shuttleworth Mark Hedley Keith Davids 《Behavior research methods》2012,44(4):1108-1114
Radio-frequency local positioning systems (LPS) have the potential to provide accurate location information about sport players for performance analysis, making available for study the emergent nature of interpersonal coordination and collective decision-making behaviour among players in both indoor and outdoor sports. However, no available publications have validated the performance of LPS for indoor sports. The objective of this study was to validate the performance of an LPS in an indoor venue and to compare it to performance observed in an outdoor venue using static and dynamic measurements. Our results showed that the absolute positioning errors obtained from the static measurements of the LPS were comparable for both indoor and outdoor venues, with mean errors of 12.1?cm outdoors and 11.9?cm indoors. From the dynamic measurements, we analysed the relative position error and the distance estimation performance of the system. The 90th-percentile relative position errors were 28?cm for the indoor venue versus 18?cm for the outdoor venue. On average, the LPS overestimated the distance travelled, and the performance was similar for both indoor and outdoor venues. On a linear course, the mean errors of the distance estimates were 2.2% of the total distance indoors and 1.3% outdoors, and on a nonlinear course, they were 2.7% indoors and 3.2% outdoors. 相似文献
870.
Richard Dewhurst Marcus Nystr?m Halszka Jarodzka Tom Foulsham Roger Johansson Kenneth Holmqvist 《Behavior research methods》2012,44(4):1079-1100
Eye movement sequences??or scanpaths??vary depending on the stimulus characteristics and the task (Foulsham & Underwood Journal of Vision, 8(2), 6:1?C17, 2008; Land, Mennie, & Rusted, Perception, 28, 1311?C1328, 1999). Common methods for comparing scanpaths, however, are limited in their ability to capture both the spatial and temporal properties of which a scanpath consists. Here, we validated a new method for scanpath comparison based on geometric vectors, which compares scanpaths over multiple dimensions while retaining positional and sequential information (Jarodzka, Holmqvist, & Nystr?m, Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research and Applications (pp. 211?C218), 2010). ??MultiMatch?? was tested in two experiments and pitted against ScanMatch (Cristino, Math?t, Theeuwes, & Gilchrist, Behavior Research Methods, 42, 692?C700, 2010), the most comprehensive adaptation of the popular Levenshtein method. In Experiment 1, we used synthetic data, demonstrating the greater sensitivity of MultiMatch to variations in spatial position. In Experiment 2, real eye movement recordings were taken from participants viewing sequences of dots, designed to elicit scanpath pairs with commonalities known to be problematic for algorithms (e.g., when one scanpath is shifted in locus or when fixations fall on either side of an AOI boundary). The results illustrate the advantages of a multidimensional approach, revealing how two scanpaths differ. For instance, if one scanpath is the reverse copy of another, the difference is in the direction but not the positions of fixations; or if a scanpath is scaled down, the difference is in the length of the saccadic vectors but not in the overall shape. As well as having enormous potential for any task in which consistency in eye movements is important (e.g., learning), MultiMatch is particularly relevant for ??eye movements to nothing?? in mental imagery and embodiment-of-cognition research, where satisfactory scanpath comparison algorithms are lacking. 相似文献