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961.
962.
Beatrice?M.?de?OcaEmail author Michael?S.?Fanselow 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2004,39(4):318-333
Defensive responses to a cat were observed in rats given excitotoxic lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala (ACe),
dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG), ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG), or sham lesions. Rats were placed adjacent to
a compartment containing a cat. Sham-lesioned rats avoided the area nearest the cat and preferred the area furthest away from
the cat. They also exhibited numerous defensive responses including, climbing, escape from the apparatus, and freezing. Rats
with lesions of the ACe reacted like the sham lesioned rats by preferring the area of the apparatus furthest from the cat,
however they climbed and escaped significantly less than sham lesioned rats. Avoidance of the area adjacent to the cat was
attenuated in rats with lesions of the vPAG. Climbing along the walls of the apparatus was also attenuated in rats with lesions
of the vPAG. Escapes from the apparatus were not significantly reduced by lesions of the vPAG and dlPAG. Thus, ACe lesions
attenuated climbing and eliminated escapes, but did not impair locomotion of the rat away from the cat. 相似文献
963.
Hugo?WesterlundEmail author Anna?Bergstr?m T?res?Theorell 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2004,39(1):3-15
Thirty-two female participants in a mobilising labour market programme offering temporary, alternative employment in Sweden
were followed longitudinally for one year, including a six month post participation follow-up period. It can be hypothesised
that an important aspect of the physiological effects of unemployment is a change in the balance between anabolic and catabolic
activities in the body and that re-employment should lead to a shift towards anabolism. An earlier study of a smaller subset
of the data, however, including both men and women, showed increased prolactin and decreased dehydroepiadrosterone sulphate
(DHEA-s) levels, contrary to the initial hypothesis. In the present analysis, intended to elucidate these results, psychophysiological
data were summarised in two indices, one connected with anabolism (made up of testosterone and DHEA-s) and one with catabolism
(prolactin, γ-glutamyl transferase, aspartate amino transferase, α levuline amino transferase, and body mass index). In addition,
self-rated anxiety, depression, hopelessness and personal control were analysed. The results indicate that the effect of ‘better’
activities within the programme was a temporary increase in anabolism, possibly indicating lower stress levels, and the effect
of ‘worse’ activities, on the one hand, a temporary decrease in the catabolic index, probably reflecting repressed alcohol
consumption, and, on the other hand, impaired anabolism. There was also a general but transient decrease in depressiveness
measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The results seem to imply that it is difficult to achieve lasting effects
through a relatively short participation in a mobilising programme. 相似文献
964.
Shirley?TellesEmail author Meesha?Joshi Manoj?Dash P.?Raghuraj K.?V.?Naveen H.?R.?Nagendra 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2004,39(2):119-125
The study aimed at determining whether novices to yoga would be able to reduce their heart rate voluntarily and whether the
magnitude of reduction would be more after 30 days of yoga training. Two groups (yoga and control,n=12 each) were assessed on Day 1 and on Day 30. During the intervening 30 days, the yoga group received training in yoga techniques
while the control group carried on with their routine. At each assessment the baseline heart rate was recorded for one minute,
this was followed by a six-minute period during which participants were asked to attempt to voluntarily reduce their heart
rate, using any strategy. Both the baseline heart rate and the lowest heart rate achieved voluntarily during the six-minute
period were significantly lower in the yoga group on Day 30 compared to Day 1 by a group average of 10.7 beats per minute
(i.e., bpm) and 6.8 bpm, respectively (p<.05, Wilcoxon paired signed ranks test). In contrast, there was no significant change in either the baseline heart rate or
the lowest heart rate achieved voluntarily in the control group on Day 30 compared to Day 1. The results suggest that yoga
training can enable practitioners to use their own strategies to reduce the heart rate, which has possible therapeutic applications. 相似文献
965.
Keith?D.?Huff Yukiko?Asaka Amy?L.?Griffin William?P.?Berg Matthew?A.?Seager Stephen?D.?BerryEmail author 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2004,39(1):16-23
Analysis of naturalistic chewing patterns may provide insight into mapping the neural substrates of jaw movement control systems,
including their adaptive modification during the classically conditioned jaw movement (CJM) paradigm. Here, New Zealand White
rabbits were administered food and water stimuli orally to evaluate the influence of stimulus consistency on masticatory pattern.
Chewing patterns were recorded via video camera and movements were analyzed by computerized image analysis. The mandibular
kinematics, specifically the extent of dorsal/ventral, medial/lateral, and rostral/caudal movement, were significantly larger
in food-evoked than water-evoked chewing. Water-evoked chewing frequency, however, was significantly higher than that of food-evoked
movements. In light of known cortical mastication modulatory centers, our findings implicate different neural substrates for
the responses to food and water stimuli in the rabbit. A detailed delineation of jaw movement patterns and circuitry is essential
to characterize the neural substrates of CJM. 相似文献
966.
McNally RJ 《Cognitive behaviour therapy》2004,33(2):97-101; discussion 102-4, 109-11
Some psychotherapists believe that certain experiences are so overwhelmingly traumatic that some victims become incapable of remembering their worst trauma except under special circumstances (e.g. therapy) many years later. Unfortunately, clinicians who endorse this concept of traumatic amnesia often misinterpret the very studies they adduce in support of it. More specifically, they misinterpret other, unrelated memory phenomena as evidence for traumatic amnesia, such as ordinary forgetfulness, psychogenic amnesia, organic amnesia, incomplete encoding of traumatic experiences, non-disclosure of remembered trauma, and simply not thinking about something for a long time. The purpose of this article is to dispel confusions rampant in this literature. 相似文献
967.
968.
Shavelson RJ 《Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society》2003,147(4):379-385
969.
Satava RM 《Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society》2003,147(3):246-258
Technology is rampant, exponentially growing beyond the bounds normally comprehensible by the human mind. Many of these technologies are so fundamentally disruptive that they challenge the very practice of science. Discoveries once unimaginable except in science fiction are appearing at such a rapid rate that there is no time to evaluate their moral and ethical implications in a deliberate and measured fashion. Genetic engineering, human cloning, tissue engineering, intelligent robotics, nanotechnology, suspended animation, regeneration, and species prolongation are but a few that will revolutionize what it means to be human and what the ultimate fate of the species may be. Unless these issues are addressed at this time, we shall face the consequences of an uncontrolled and unprepared future. 相似文献
970.
The aim of this study was to index the long-term benefits of early provision of cognitive behavior therapy to trauma survivors with acute stress disorder. Civilian trauma survivors (n = 80) with acute stress disorder were randomly allocated to either cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) or supportive counseling (SC) - 69 completed treatment, and 41 were assessed four years post-treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale. Two CBT patients (8%) and four SC patients (25%) met PTSD criteria at four-year follow-up. Patients who received CBT reported less intense PTSD symptoms, and particularly less frequent and less avoidance symptoms, than patients who received SC. These findings suggest that early provision of CBT in the initial month after trauma has long-term benefits for people who are at risk of developing PTSD. 相似文献