腹膜间皮细胞EMT在腹膜纤维化中的研究进展及意义

腹膜透析是终末期肾衰患者肾脏替代治疗的重要手段,腹膜纤维化导致腹透效能下降及超滤衰竭,制约着腹膜透析的应用。腹膜间皮细胞上皮细胞间充质转化是腹膜纤维化的起始和可逆环节,因此预防和逆转EMT的发生发展可能是阻止和延缓腹膜纤维化、超滤衰竭的最佳策略,并将带来巨大的社会和经济效益。     

Auditory processing measures: correlation with neuropsychological measures of attention, memory, and behavior.

It has been suggested that measures of auditory processing (AP) are sensitive measures of attention resulting in the high comorbidity of auditory processing disorder (APD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Others have found that selected AP measures share significant variance with memory tasks. The current study investigated the relation between AP measures and various neuropsychological measures presumed to measure attention and memory in 36 children with a mean age of 7.78 years (SD=1.61) referred to an outpatient facility. Results indicate that AP measures significantly correlated with each other as well as with some measures of attention, memory, and behavior ratings. Results suggest that although AP measures include elements of both attention and memory, these measures also appear to assess processes not tapped by other measures of attention and memory. The correlation of AP measures with parent-and teacher-rated withdrawal, parent-rated somatization, conduct, and depression, as well as teacher-rated attention, anxiety, learning problems, social skills, and leadership suggest that auditory processing problems may manifest in myriad behaviors across settings. Implications for practice and future research are presented.     

The effects of a target–stimulus reminder on performance in a novel object recognition task

The effects of original training-stimulus pre-test reminders were examined in a novel object recognition (NOR) task. NOR is a task that examines memory for complex stimuli, and is driven by the rats’ tendency to spend significantly more time exploring novel objects over those previously experienced. In this task, a delay is imposed between a training experience during which the animal is allowed to investigate a set of identical objects, and a later test exposure where the animal encounters one of the original objects and a novel object with which it has had no previous experience. Experiment 1 demonstrated that performance at 24 h is significantly worse than at an immediate delay (1 min). In the second experiment, it was demonstrated that neither a 10-s nor a 30-s reminder treatment, in the absence of training, resulted in a level of preference for novelty, a measure of memory for the original object, that was significantly greater than chance. Experiment 3 illustrated significant performance effects of a 30-s training stimulus reminder administered 15 min prior to test with a 24-h retention interval. The final experiment illustrated that the additional 30-s of object exposure is effective in enhancing performance only if it occurs shortly prior to test. Animals receiving the additional 30-s immediately following training did not experience such beneficial effects. It was concluded, based upon these results, that pre-test training-stimulus reminders in this task produce effects similar to those seen in more traditional tasks of learning and memory.     

幽门螺杆菌诊断方法评价

诊断幽门螺杆菌（Hp）感染有侵入性和非侵入性两类方法。前者需通过胃镜取胃粘膜活检,包括快速尿素酶试验（RUT）、病理组织学检查、细菌培养及基因检测等;非侵入性方法包括尿素呼气试验（UBT）、血清Hp抗体测定及Hp粪便抗原检测等。各种检测方法的敏感性及特异性不一,适用范围也不同,选择合适的检测方法需结合Hp感染特点、检测条件及费用情况等。     

关于器官"交叉移植"现象的法律解读

由于我国<人体器官移植条例>规定活体器官移植只限于在配偶、直系亲属、三代以内旁系血亲以及"因帮扶形成的亲情关系"之间进行,然而在现实生活中却出现了多例器官"交叉移植"现象.如何界定、规范、处理这种法律事件,防止可能出现的法律风险以及伦理问题,已经成为当前人体器官移植医学实践与法律实践中的一个重要问题.     

决策中损益值大小效应的发生条件及机制再探 —— 一种齐当别视角及兼对视角本身的一些探讨

通过两个研究,损益值大小效应在1元~1亿元的广阔范围内,以及在只采用选择反应模式的条件下得到了进一步探讨,其机制也在齐当别模型的全新视角下得到了讨论;此外,齐当别模型本身以及模型的经典判断任务也得到了探讨。结果发现：基于选择反应模式时,损益值大小效应在获得情景中稳定存在,并只存在一个风险倾向的拐点,而它在损失情景中则不存在;损益值大小效应的机制能够被齐当别模型很好的解释;齐当别模型的经典判断任务对模型预测效能的检验力不足,但其与新设计的维度内判断任务联合后却有很大改善;齐当别模型对损失情景中的均含0结果值的决策任务的解释力还有待进一步探讨     

节律在听觉言语理解中的作用

言语理解是听者接受外部语音输入并且获得意义的心理过程。日常交流中,听觉言语理解受多尺度节律信息的影响,常见有韵律结构节律、语境节律、和说话者身体语言节律三方面外部节律。它们改变听者在言语理解中的音素判别、词汇感知以及言语可懂度等过程。内部节律表现为大脑内神经振荡,其能够表征外部言语输入在不同时间尺度下的层级特征。外部节律性刺激与内部神经活动的神经夹带能够优化大脑对言语刺激的处理,并受到听者自上而下的认知过程的调节进一步增强目标言语的内在表征。我们认为它可能是实现内外节律相互联系并共同影响言语理解的关键机制。对内外节律及其联系机制的揭示能够为理解言语这种在多层级时间尺度上具有结构规律的复杂序列提供了一个研究窗口。     

Persistence of flavor neophobia as an indicator of state-dependent retention induced by pentobarbital, stress, and estrus

As fear conditioning paradigms have failed to find state-dependent retention (SDR) in rats dissociated by the estrous state, an attempt was made to establish a paradigm involving the attenuation of flavor neophobia as a more sensitive indicator of SDR. Experiment 1 established that the paradigm did indicate SDR in male rats dissociated by pentobarbital (10 mg/kg). Experiment 2 generalized the utility of the technique by employing an endogenous state, shock-induced stress, as the dissociative state. Having proved to be an indicator of SDR in the first two experiments, the technique was used in Experiment 3 to investigate the possible dissociative characteristics of the estrous state in female rats. Estrus was investigated because, due to the hormonal condition during estrus, it may provide a useful tool in investigating the dissociative aspects of human perimenstrual periodic psychosis. In Experiment 3, using ovariectomized female rats brought into estrus by injection of estrogen and progesterone in a sequence and amount comparable to the natural cycle, estrus was not demonstrated to be dissociative, i.e., did not produce SDR. The implications of these results in relation to perimenstrual periodic psychosis were discussed.     

Post-training glucose administration attenuates forgetting of passive-avoidance conditioning in 18-day-old rats.

The study of memory modulation in infant rats has typically focused on reminder/retrieval treatments involving reexposure to components of the internal or external training context. Rarely have studies employed pharmacological treatments to investigate the neurochemical substrates of memory storage in preweanling rats. The present study investigated the effect of 100 mg/kg of glucose, a common memory modulator in adult mammals, on memory for passive-avoidance conditioning in 18-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Subjects that were administered an immediate post-training injection of glucose performed significantly better, on a retention test 24 h following training, than those animals that received saline. The glucose group also performed comparably to a control group that was tested 10 min following training. These results are consistent with those of the memory modulation literature in adults and suggest that the rapid rate of forgetting in immature organisms may be the result of a deficiency in a general memory modulatory system.     

Increased generalization between drug-related interoceptive stimuli with delayed testing.

Although the flattening of generalization gradients over time has been widely investigated using exteroceptive stimuli, little attention has been given to generalization involving interoceptive stimuli. To investigate generalization between internal states, Sprague-Dawley rats were given either 0.835 ml/kg chloropent or 15 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital. Both drugs produced asymmetrical state-dependent retention of a passive avoidance response, that is, good retention in the "same state" conditions (i.e., the drug-drug and no drug-no drug conditions) as well as in the no drug-drug conditions but poor retention in the drug-no drug conditions, at both 1- and 7-day retention intervals. Furthermore, subjects trained in one drug state (pentobarbital or chloropent) demonstrated disrupted performance when tested 1 day later in another drug state, but good performance when tested 7 days later in the other drug state, indicating a decrement in the discriminability of the two drug states after 7 days. This outcome demonstrates that generalization gradients between drug states flatten over time. Moreover, these results suggest that memory for attributes of internal stimuli undergoes changes similar to those found for exteroceptive stimuli. Implications for contextual cues models of forgetting are considered.