Behandlung und Teamprozesse in der stationären Psychotherapie

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Social support and college student contraceptive use

Sources of social support for contraceptive use were examined in a survey of 280 sexually active college students (132 female and 148 male) aged 17-23 years. Variables measured were contraceptive use at last intercourse, perceived social support for contraceptive use, and motivation to comply with these sources of support. Friends and partners were identified as equally supportive, but only partner support was related to contraceptive use. Among nonusers of an effective method, best friend support exceeded partner support. Finally, students reported more motivation to comply with their partners than with friends or parents. Men were even less likely to comply with support provided by a best friend than women. The finding that parental support was not an important factor suggests that contraceptive use is best promoted through the self-disclosure and open discussion young adults enjoy with peers. Moreover, a desire to please one's sexual partner seems to outweigh advice provided by a best friend. Thus, contraceptive promotion among young adults should be targeted not only at potential users, but also at sexual partners. The potential of such an approach is demonstrated by this study's finding that young men were willing to use condoms when encouraged by their partner, despite widespread dislike of this method.     

Relationship of social rank in mice to growth,endurance, and fertility

The influence of the social rank of male mice, determined by the outcome of fights, was assessed on their growth, treadmill performance, open-field behavior, and morphometric traits. Fertility of mated females was also investigated. Special attention was paid to the relationship between the male's social rank and body weight. Winners of fights were heavier than losers; their latencies were shorter, and they showed more locomotor activity in an open field test. Winners also had higher absolute testicular and epididymal weights. These males had a positive influence on the reproductive fitness of the females with which they were mated.     

Do implicit motives and basic psychological needs interact to predict well-being and flow? Testing a universal hypothesis and a matching hypothesis

Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan in Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum Press, New York, 1985) suggests that certain experiences, such as competence, are equally beneficial to everyone’s well-being (universal hypothesis), whereas Motive Disposition Theory (McClelland in Human motivation. Scott, Foresman, Glenview, IL, 1985) predicts that some people, such as those with a high achievement motive, should benefit particularly from such experiences (matching hypothesis). Existing research on motives as moderators of the relationship between basic need satisfaction and positive outcomes supports both these seemingly inconsistent views. Focusing on the achievement motive, we sought to resolve this inconsistency by considering the specificity of the outcome variables. When predicting domain-specific well-being and flow, the achievement motive should interact with felt competence. However, when it comes to predicting general well-being and flow, felt competence should unfold its effects without being moderated by the achievement motive. Two studies confirmed these assumptions indicating that the universal and matching hypotheses are complementary rather than mutually exclusive.     

Editorial

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Diagnose von Intelligenzminderung

The diagnostics of intellectual disability is a complex process which must be carried out on several levels using different methods (multidimensional diagnostics). The expertise of the test leader is at least just as important as the selection of suitable procedures. The responsible use of test procedures requires comprehensive knowledge of test diagnostics and sufficient experience in the examination of people in the appropriate age group with intellectual disabilities and a good familiarity with the procedures used. This article provides information on the epidemiology of intellectual disability, supplies definitions and classification of the grade of severity of intellectual disabilities and describes the diagnostic pathway.     

Text–Picture Integration: How Delayed Testing Moderates Recognition of Pictorial Information in Multimedia Learning

When learning with multimedia, text and pictures are assumed to be integrated with each other. Arndt, Schüler, and Scheiter (Learning & Instruction, 35, 62–72, 2015) confirmed the process of text picture integration for sentence recognition, not, however, for picture recognition. The current paper investigates the underlying reasons for the latter finding. Two experiments are reported, where subjects memorized text–picture stimuli that differed in the specificity of information contained in either sentences or pictures. In a subsequent picture recognition test, subjects showed no integration effect after a 30‐minute delay (Experiments 1 and 2), but only after a 1‐week delay (Experiment 2). Furthermore, eye‐tracking data showed that participants sufficiently processed the pictures during learning (Experiment 1). This data pattern speaks in favor of the assumption that after a short delay participants had available a short‐lived pictorial surface representation, which masked the integration effect for pictorial recognition.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.