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381.
Pathological gambling (PG) is widely reported to have negative consequences on marriages, families, and children. Empirical evidence is only now accumulating but when put together with anecdotal information, the extent of these problems is clear. PG contributes to chaos and dysfunction within the family unit, disrupts marriages, leading to high rates of separation and divorce, and is associated with child abuse and neglect. Divorce rates are high, not surprising in light of reports that these marriages are often abusive. Research shows that the families of pathological gamblers are filled with members who gamble excessively, suffer from depressive or anxiety disorders, and misuse alcohol, drugs, or both. Families of persons with PG are also large, a variable independently related to family dysfunction. The authors review the evidence on the impact of PG on families, marriages, and offspring, and make recommendations for future research targeting these problems. 相似文献
382.
The purpose of this study was to identify and describe published research articles that were named in official findings of scientific misconduct and to investigate compliance with the administrative actions contained in these reports for corrections and retractions, as represented in PubMed. Between 1993 and 2001, 102 articles were named in either the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts ("Findings of Scientific Misconduct") or the U.S. Office of Research Integrity annual reports as needing retraction or correction. In 2002, 98 of the 102 articles were indexed in PubMed. Eighty-five of these 98 articles had indexed corrections: 47 were retracted; 26 had an erratum; 12 had a correction described in the "comment" field. Thirteen had no correction, but 10 were linked to the NIH Guide "Findings of Scientific Misconduct", leaving only 3 articles with no indication of any sort of problem. As of May 2005, there were 5,393 citations to the 102 articles, with a median of 26 citations per article (range 0-592). Researchers should be alert to "Comments" linked to the NIH Guide as these are open access, and the "Findings of Scientific Misconduct' reports are often more informative than the statements about the retraction or correction found in the journals. 相似文献
383.
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385.
Reciprocal Effects of Self-Concept and Performance From a Multidimensional Perspective 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
ABSTRACT— We ( Marsh & Craven, 1997 ) have claimed that academic self-concept and achievement are mutually reinforcing, each leading to gains in the other. Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger, and Vohs (2003) have claimed that self-esteem has no benefits beyond seductive pleasure and may even be detrimental to subsequent performance. Integrating these seemingly contradictory conclusions, we distinguish between (a) older, unidimensional perspectives that focus on global self-esteem and underpin the Baumeister et al. review and (b) more recent, multidimensional perspectives that focus on specific components of self-concept and are the basis of our claim. Supporting the construct validity of a multidimensional perspective, studies show that academic achievement is substantially related to academic self-concept, but nearly unrelated to self-esteem. Consistent with this distinction, research based on our reciprocal-effects model (REM) and a recent meta-analysis show that prior academic self-concept (as opposed to self-esteem) and achievement both have positive effects on subsequent self-concept and achievement. We provide an overview of new support for the generality of the REM for young children, cross-cultural research in non-Western countries, health (physical activity), and nonelite (gymnastics) and elite (international swimming championships) sport. We conclude that future reviews elucidating the significant implications of self-concept for theory, policy, and practice need to account for current research supporting the REM and a multidimensional perspective of self-concept. 相似文献
386.
387.
N A Shaw 《Behavioral and neural biology》1988,49(3):302-309
Two experiments are reported concerning the neural substrate of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and the amnesic mechanisms involved when such learning is disrupted by electroconvulsive shock (ECS). Subjects were adult male rats. In the first experiment it is demonstrated that an aversion established to a 2.5% sucrose solution can simulate the learning loss reported in earlier studies which was caused by interpolating ECS between tasting and illness when the aversion was established using a 10% sucrose cue. It is concluded that if ECS acts to disrupt the memory of the taste cue, it possibly reduces it to only about one-quarter of its original strength, a substantial deficit not readily apparent simply from the degree of aversion displayed. In the second experiment, CTAs were established using either a 2.5% sucrose cue or a 10% cue with ECS interpolated during the taste-illness interval. Animals in the two groups were subsequently confronted with a range of sucrose stimuli and their respective aversions were compared. Near identical responses were observed under all conditions tested. These findings are consistent with the theory that ECS disrupts CTA by weakening the gustatory engram. 相似文献
388.
Julian C. Leslie Christine Boyle David Shaw 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》2000,53(4):289-308
In Experiments 1 and 2, lever pressing by rats was reinforced on a cyclic ratio schedule of food reinforcement, comprising a repeated sequence of fixed-ratio component schedules. Reinforcement magnitude was varied, on occasional sessions in Experiment 1 and across blocks of sessions in Experiment 2, from one to two or three 45-mg food pellets. In the one-pellet condition, post-reinforcement pauses increased with component schedule value. At higher magnitudes, post-reinforcement pauses increased, and overall response rates declined. Response rate on component schedules was a decreasing linear function of the obtained rate of reinforcement in all conditions. Plotted against component schedule value, response rate increased exponentially to an asymptote that decreased when reinforcement magnitude increased. These findings are consistent with regulatory accounts of food reinforced behaviour. In Experiment 3, rats were trained under a cyclic ratio schedule comprising fixed-ratio components including higher values, and some inverted U-shaped response functions were obtained. Those rats that did not showthis relationship were trained on cyclic ratios with even higher values, and all showed inverted U-shaped response functions. This suggests that behaviour on cyclic ratio schedules can reflect activating of reinforcement as well as the satiating effects seen in Experiments 1 and 2. 相似文献
389.
Stephen B. Fawcett Adrienne Paine-Andrews Vincent T. Francisco Jerry A. Schultz Kimber P. Richter Rhonda K. Lewis Ella L. Williams Kari J. Harris Jannette Y. Berkley Jacqueline L. Fisher Christine M. Lopez 《American journal of community psychology》1995,23(5):677-697
Models of community empowerment help us understand the process of gaining influence over conditions that matter to people
who share neighborhoods, workplaces, experiences, or concerns. Such frameworks can help improve collaborative partnerships
for community health and development. First, we outline an interactive model of community empowerment that describes reciprocal
influences between personal or group factors and environmental factors in an empowerment process. Second, we describe an iterative
framework for the process of empowerment in community partnerships that includes collaborative planning, community action,
community change, capacity building, and outcomes, and adaptation, renewal, and institutionalization. Third, we outline activities
that are used by community leadership and support organizations to facilitate the process of community empowerment. Fourth,
we present case stories of collaborative partnerships for prevention of substance abuse among adolescents to illustrate selected
enabling activities. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities of facilitating empowerment with collaborative
partnerships for community health and development.
This work was supported by Kansas Health Foundation Grants 9206032B and 9206032A to support and evaluate community partnerships
to prevent adolescent substance abuse. Thanks to Tom Wolff for sharing his wisdom about community coalitions so generously,
and to Bill Berkowitz and anonymous reviewers for thoughtful comments on an earlier version of this manuscrpt. We also thank
our colleagues from the Kansas Health Foundation, Mary K. Campuzano, Steve Coen, and Marni Vliet, and those from collaborating
communities, who continue to teach us about ways to enhance community capacities to address local concerns. 相似文献
390.
The potential impact of repeated questioning of a witness was examined. Subjects were shown slides depicting the aftermath of a theft and subsequently were asked several times to recall selected details of what they saw. Previous experiments employing simple verbal materials have demonstrated that information addressed by questioning becomes more recallable in the future than it would have been without such retrieval practice, but other information, especially that bearing a categorical similarity to the practiced items, becomes less recallable. Such positive and negative effects appeared in subjects’ later recall of crime-scene details in the present experiment. These results have an important implication for legal practice: Repeated interrogation of a witness can modify the witness’s memory-enhancing the recall of certain details while inducing the forgetting of other details-even when no misinformation is contained or implied in the questioning. 相似文献