Analysis of Citations to Biomedical Articles Affected by Scientific Misconduct

We describe the ongoing citations to biomedical articles affected by scientific misconduct, and characterize the papers that cite these affected articles. The citations to 102 articles named in official findings of scientific misconduct during the period of 1993 and 2001 were identified through the Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science database. Using a stratified random sampling strategy, we performed a content analysis of 603 of the 5,393 citing papers to identify indications of awareness that the cited articles affected by scientific misconduct had validity issues, and to examine how the citing papers referred to the affected articles. Fewer than 5% of citing papers indicated any awareness that the cited article was retracted or named in a finding of misconduct. We also tested the hypothesis that affected articles would have fewer citations than a comparison sample; this was not supported. Most articles affected by misconduct were published in basic science journals, and we found little cause for concern that such articles may have affected clinical equipoise or clinical care.     

Protective Factors for Depression Among African American Children of Predominantly Low-Income Mothers with Depression

Maternal depression has a deleterious impact on child psychological outcomes, including depression symptoms. However, there is limited research on the protective factors for these children and even less for African Americans. The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of positive parenting skills on child depression and the potential protective effects of social skills and kinship support among African American children whose mothers are depressed and low-income. African American mothers (n = 77) with a past year diagnosis of a depressive disorder and one of their children (ages 8–14) completed self-report measures of positive parenting skills, social skills, kinship support, and depression in a cross-sectional design. Regression analyses demonstrated that there was a significant interaction effect of positive parenting skills and child social skills on child depression symptoms. Specifically, parent report of child social skills was negatively associated with child depression symptoms for children exposed to poorer parenting skills; however, this association was not significant for children exposed to more positive and involved parenting. Kinship support did not show a moderating effect, although greater maternal depression severity was correlated with more child-reported kinship support. The study findings have implications for developing interventions for families with maternal depression. In particular, parenting and child social skills are potential areas for intervention to prevent depression among African American youth.     

Empirical Evidence,Community Standards,and the Boundaries of Obscenity: A Test Case

This article examines the issue of community standards and the role such standards play in demarcating the boundaries of obscenity. A brief discussion of the landmark Miller decision, its impact on obscenity statutes, and a consideration of the criticisms of the Miller decision, particularly those pertaining to the test of obscenity, are discussed. The potential of social science research and empirical evidence to aid in the determination of community standards regarding obscenity is considered. Results are presented from an empirical investigation of community standards on obscenity in a particular local community in the state of Louisiana.     

Drug Court: An Effective Alternative to Incarceration

The findings suggest that exposure to drug court components is clearly linked to lower rates of recidivism. This has important implications for social policies aimed at reducing recidivism. Additionally, the methodology employed here illuminates the importance of identifying and utilizing proper group comparisons in studies of recidivism. The results further identify a hard-core group of drug offenders as the next frontier in evaluation research.     

gendered pathways into and experiences within crack cultures outside of the inner city

This study examines the life histories of male and female crack addicts outside of the inner city context, focusing on gendered variation in experiences related to childhood background, pathways into crack cocaine use, income generation strategies, and violence. We offer insight into the nature of crack use and culture outside of the inner city and question the generalizability of previous studies to communities outside of the inner city. Furthermore, the question of women's emancipation and the subsequent impact this has had on their roles and experiences within crack cultures is addressed through comparison of male and female experiences within crack cultures. Lastly, the issue of how race, class, and gender interact to shape the experiences of crack addicts is tentatively explored.     

Comprehensive soldier fitness: building resilience in a challenging institutional context

The Comprehensive Soldier Fitness (CSF) program is designed to increase psychological strength and positive performance and to reduce the incidence of maladaptive responses of the entire U.S. Army. Based on the principles of positive psychology, CSF is a historically unique approach to behavioral health in a large (1.1 million members) organization. There are four program elements: (a) the assessment of emotional, social, family, and spiritual fitness; (b) individualized learning modules to improve fitness in these domains; (c) formal resilience training; and (d) training of Army master resilience trainers (MRTs) to instill better thinking skills and resilience in their subordinates. In contrast to traditional approaches, CSF is proactive; rather than waiting to see who has a negative outcome following stress, it provides ways of improving resilience for all members of the Army. CSF aims to move the full spectrum of responses to trauma and adversity-ranging from stress-related disorders to ordinary resilience-toward personal growth. This program may provide a model for implementing similar interventions in other very large institutions.     

The Soldier Fitness Tracker: global delivery of Comprehensive Soldier Fitness

Carefully implemented technology strategies are vital to the success of large-scale initiatives such as the U.S. Army's Comprehensive Soldier Fitness (CSF) program. Achieving the U.S. Army's vision for CSF required a robust information technology platform that was scaled to millions of users and that leveraged the Internet to enable global reach. The platform needed to be agile, provide powerful real-time reporting, and have the capacity to quickly transform to meet emerging requirements. Existing organizational applications, such as "Single Sign-On," and authoritative data sources were exploited to the maximum extent possible. Development of the "Soldier Fitness Tracker" is the most recent, and possibly the best, demonstration of the potential benefits possible when existing organizational capabilities are married to new, innovative applications. Combining the capabilities of the extant applications with the newly developed applications expedited development, eliminated redundant data collection, resulted in the exceeding of program objectives, and produced a comfortable experience for the end user, all in less than six months. This is a model for future technology integration.     

Mental health provision,religion, politics,and guns: college students express their concerns

The purpose of this study was to gather the opinions of college students regarding their concerns about guns and mental illness and how they differed by gender, race, religion, and political party. Four hundred and nineteen college students participated in an online survey. Eighty-one per cent believe increasing mental health services will prevent gun violence. A logistic regression analysis revealed that all agreed regardless of race, religion, gender, and political party that insurance companies should be required to offer benefits for mental health care that are similar to health care. Males were three times as likely to agree there should be laws prohibiting persons with a mental illness to carry a hand gun (3.8502 AOR). Overall, college students believe mental health care should be funded. It is less clear what the role of government should be in funding mental health services.