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251.
Adults are often better at recognising own-race than other-race faces. Unlike previous studies that reported an own-race advantage after administering a single test of either holistic processing or of featural and relational processing, we used a cross-over design and multiple tasks to assess differential processing of faces from a familiar race versus a less familiar race. Caucasian and Chinese adults performed four tasks, each with Caucasian and Chinese faces. Two tasks measured holistic processing: the composite face task and the part/whole task. Both tasks indicated holistic processing of own-race and other-race faces that did not differ in degree. Two tasks measured featural and relational processing: the Jane/Ling task, in which same/ different judgments were made about face pairs that differed in features of their spacing, and the scrambled/blurred task, in which test faces were scrambled (isolates memory for components) or blurred (isolates memory for relations). Both tasks provided evidence of an own-race advantage in both featural and relational processing. We conclude that even when adults process other-race faces holistically, other manifestations of an own-race advantage remain. 相似文献
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Traditional approaches to formal youth mentoring have focused primarily on improving the lives of “at‐risk” youth through the assignment of individual mentors who are typically disconnected from youth's communities. Similarly, research in the field of formal mentoring has emphasized the dyadic relationship between the mentor and the mentee, with less attention paid to the broader relational contexts in which such relationships unfold. The current paper proposes a new framework that expands the scope of mentoring interventions to include approaches that build on and cultivate informal supports and empower youth to identify and reach out to networks of potential supportive adults, thus increasing the reach of youth mentoring. 相似文献
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Family physical activity (PA) can confer multiple health benefits, yet whether PA interventions affect general family functioning has not been appraised. The purpose of this review was to evaluate studies that have examined the effect of family PA interventions, where child PA was the focus of the intervention, on constructs of family functioning. Literature searches were concluded on January 11, 2022 using seven common databases. Eligible studies were in English, utilized a family PA intervention, and assessed a measure of family functioning as a study outcome. The initial search yielded 8413 hits, which was reduced to 20 independent PA interventions of mixed quality after screening for eligibility criteria. There was mixed evidence for whether family PA interventions affected overall family functioning; however, analyses of subdomains indicated that family cohesion is improved by PA interventions when children are in the early school years (aged 5–12). High-quality studies also showed an impact of family PA interventions on family organization. Targeted interventions at specific family subsystems (e.g., father–son, mother–daughter), characteristics (low-income, clinical populations, girls), and broad multibehavioral interventions may have the most reliable effects. Overall, the findings show that family PA interventions can promote family cohesion and organization, particularly among families with children in the early school years. Higher quality research, employing randomized trial designs and targeting specific intervention and sample characteristics (e.g., different clinical conditions, specific parent–child dyads), is recommended in order to better ascertain the effectiveness of these approaches. 相似文献
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Caricature effects, distinctiveness, and identification: testing the face-space framework 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
According to the multidimensional space framework, faces are represented as locations in a psychological face-space. Our aim was to test whether the locations of veridical, caricatured, and anticaricatured face stimuli in face-space, derived from multidimensional scaling analyses, could account for identification accuracy and distinctiveness ratings for these stimuli. Caricatures were identified more accurately and rated as more distinctive than veridical images, whereas anticaricatures were identified less accurately but were not significantly less distinctive than veridical images. In the face-space derived from multidimensional scaling, caricatures were further from the origin and less densely clustered than veridical images, whereas anticaricatures were closer to the origin and located in denser regions of the space. A quantitative model successfully predicted identification performance from the spatial locations of the stimuli. In general, the physically transformed faces were systematically mapped in the psychological space. 相似文献
259.
The attractiveness of nonface averages: implications for an evolutionary explanation of the attractiveness of average faces 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Researchers have argued that humans' attraction to average faces reflects an evolved psychological mechanism to identify high-quality mates. If this direct-selection account is correct, there is no reason to expect a similar averageness bias for stimuli that are irrelevant to reproductive fitness. The current study, however, found a strong relationship between averageness and attractiveness for dogs, wristwatches, and birds. The most parsimonious explanation is that humans have a general attraction to prototypical exemplars, and that their attraction to average faces is a reflection of this more general attraction. We tested whether a general preference for familiar stimuli can account for the attractiveness of averageness. This account was not supported for dogs or birds, but could not be ruled out for watches. 相似文献
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This report covers highlights from a survey of the literature on emotional disturbance. The survey was begun in 1970 by the Conceptual Project in Child Variance at the University of Michigan. The Project has developed the survey to serve both as a model for graduate student training and as a source of materials for graduate level programs across the United States. Results are being published in a four-volume work, A Study of Child Variance,which examines theories, intervention practices, and service delivery systems, and presents an overview with a look toward the future. The activities of the graduate students and of professional workshop groups are described, and a summary of Project materials is also reported.This study was prepared under grants 0EG-0-70-4806(603), 0EG-0-71-3680(603), and 0EG-0-72-3680(603) from the Bureau for Education of the Handicapped, U.S. Office of Education. The project is located in the Institute for the Study of Mental Retardation and Related Disabilities at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. This support is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献