Emergence,Supervenience, and Realization

In the first section of this paper, I articulate Jaegwon Kim's argument against emergent down ward causation. In the second section, I canvas four responses to Kim's argument and argue that each fails. In the third section, I show that emergent downward causation does not, contra Kim, entail overdetermination. I argue that supervenience of emergent upon base properties is not sufficient for nomological causal relationsbetween emergent and base properties. What sustains Kim's argument is rather the claim that emergent properties realized by base properties can have no causal powers distinct from those base properties. I argue that this is false.     

The Role of Anxiety/Depression in the Development of Youth High Risk Behaviors: An Examination of Two Competing Hypotheses in a Sample of African-American,Single Mother Families

The role of anxiety/depression in the progression of youth externalizing problems to future high risk behaviors has been disputed in the literature. Mixed support exists for a multiple problem hypothesis (i.e., co-occurring anxiety/depression leads to more high risk behaviors) and a protective hypothesis (i.e., anxiety/depression buffers this progression). The present study compared these two hypotheses in a sample of 124 African-American single mother families by examining mother report of externalizing problems and anxiety/depression at an initial timepoint and youth report of high risk behaviors fifteen months later. Results support the multiple problem hypothesis: In the context of high levels of externalizing problems, high levels of anxiety/depression were associated with more youth engaging in high risk behavior across the 15 month follow-up than were low levels of anxiety/depression. The findings suggest it is important to consider multiple domains of youth problem behaviors to conceptualize and prevent high risk behaviors.     

Murine vocalizations: Experimental validation of a novel detector

A new device to detect vocalizations by mice or rats is described. Of modest cost and incorporating integrated circuits and controls that permit rapid setting of center frequency and sensitivity, the device is based on phase-locked tone decoding and can operate at sonic or ultrasonic frequencies. Circuit operation and schematics are provided, as are data from two studies of mice in which reliable discrimination of distress and submission calls from background noise was demonstrated.     

Difficulty and interpersonal attraction

Male subjects learned that they would have to perform an easy, moderately difficult, or very difficult memory task in order to qualify for a “learning session” in which they would be accompanied by a moderately attractive female. Subjective measures taken just prior to task performance indicate that subjects viewed the female target as more attractive, sexy, and cute in the Moderately Difficult task condition than in the Easy and Very Difficult task conditions. Results are discussed in terms of a recently proposed model of motivation (Brehm 1979; Brehm, Wright, Solomon, Silka, & Greenberg, 1983), and research on the relation between difficulty and interpersonal attraction.     

Dropping out of parent training

The purpose of the present study was to determine the dropout rate when parents are taught to modify their children's problem behavior. Eight journals were examined for parent-training studies. Forty-five studies were found but only 22 of these reported dropout data. Studies were examined for dropout rate and in order to determine if the point in therapy at which dropout occurred was specified. The overall dropout rate was 28% and most studies specified when the dropout occurred. Finally, variables that are critical to dropping out when parent training is undertaken are presented and recommendations are made for future research.     

The Daily Child Behavior Checklist

The purpose of this study was to develop a child behavior checklist that could be completed on a daily basis and that included both positive and negative child behaviors. Participants in the study were six groups of individuals, including one group of clinical psychology graduate students and five groups of either clinic-referred or nonclinic children and their parents. Content, discriminant, concurrent, and statistical conclusion validity data as well as test-retest reliability data were collected on the Daily Child Behavior Checklist (DCBC). The results indicated that the instrument has satisfactory validity and reliability and is reasonably sensitive to daily changes in child behaviors. The advantages and uses of the DCBC are discussed.     

Maternal satisfaction with clinic-referred children: Assessment by use of a single-subject methodology

Prior research has indicated that maternal perception of or satisfaction with their children may be predicted by factors other than the child's behavior. The present study was designed to examine this issue further by using a single-subject methodology, improving the assessment procedures utilized, and increasing the number of predictor variables. It was hypothesized that factors other than child behavior would contribute to maternal satisfaction with the child but that the particular factor would vary across mothers. Two clinic-referred children and their mothers served as subjects. Prior to, during, and after treatment, the mothers completed a daily series of questionnaires to assess satisfaction with her child, daily child behavior, maternal depression, the marital relationship, and physical health. The results indicated that maternal satisfaction and maternal report of child behavior changed with treatment. The hypothesis was confirmed as physical health for one mother and the marital relationship for the second mother combined with child behavior to predict maternal satisfaction. Correlational analyses suggested that the maternal satisfaction with the child is related more to the child's negative behavior than positive behavior. The implications of the findings and of the methodology which was employed are discussed.