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41.
Anne McDonald Culp Rex E. Culp Tamara Hechtner‐Galvin Christina S. Howell Tara Saathoff‐Wells Pam Marr 《Infant mental health journal》2004,25(1):1-15
Professionals in the field of child development were employed to provide home visitation services to 156 mothers and infants prenatally through the infants' first birthdays. Compared to a control group of mothers (n = 107), the intervention mothers utilized more community resources, had safer homes, had more appropriate developmental expectations, had better understanding of noncorporal punishment, and had behaviors that were more accepting and respectful to their infants. The home visitors were well educated, with experience in home visitation, and supervised. Program implementation procedures were documented and supervised. Program fidelity and the efficacy of using child development specialists as home visitors are discussed in regards to the positive findings. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health. 相似文献
42.
Cole DA Cai L Martin NC Findling RL Youngstrom EA Garber J Curry JF Hyde JS Essex MJ Compas BE Goodyer IM Rohde P Stark KD Slattery MJ Forehand R 《心理评价》2011,23(4):819-833
Our goals in this article were to use item response theory (IRT) to assess the relation of depressive symptoms to the underlying dimension of depression and to demonstrate how IRT-based measurement strategies can yield more reliable data about depression severity than conventional symptom counts. Participants were 3,403 children and adolescents from 12 contributing clinical and nonclinical samples; all participants had received the Kiddie Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children. Results revealed that some symptoms reflected higher levels of depression and were more discriminating than others. Furthermore, use of IRT-based information about symptom severity and discriminability in the measurement of depression severity was shown to reduce measurement error and increase measurement fidelity. 相似文献
43.
Children's working understanding of knowledge sources: Confidence in knowledge gained from testimony
In three experiments, children aged between 3 and 5 years (N = 38, 52, 94; mean ages 3–7 to 5–2) indicated their confidence in their knowledge of the identity of a hidden toy. With the exception of some 3-year-olds, children revealed working understanding of their knowledge source by showing high confidence when they had seen or felt the toy, and lower confidence when they had been told its identity by an apparently well-informed speaker. Correct explicit source reports were not necessary for children to show relative uncertainty when the speaker subsequently doubted the adequacy of his access to the toy. After a 2-min delay, 3–4-year-olds, unlike 4–5-year-olds, failed to see the implications of the speaker's doubt about his access. 相似文献
44.
Deborah J Jones Rex Forehand Aaron Rakow Christina J M Colletti Laura McKee Alecia Zalot 《Journal of family psychology》2008,22(2):181-192
The specificity of the association between 2 parenting behaviors (warmth and supervision) and 2 indicators, aggressive behavior and depressive symptoms, of major child outcomes (externalizing problems and internalizing problems) was examined among 196 inner-city African American mothers and their school age children. Given the growing number of African American families affected by HIV/AIDS and demonstrated compromises in parenting associated with maternal infection, the moderating role of maternal HIV/AIDS was also examined. Findings from longitudinal analyses supported the specificity of maternal warmth but not of maternal supervision. Maternal warmth was a stronger predictor of decreases in child aggressive behavior than of decreases in depressive symptoms. In addition, maternal warmth was a stronger predictor of decreases in aggressive behavior than was maternal supervision. Parenting specificity was not moderated by maternal HIV/AIDS. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed. 相似文献
45.
This paper explains how regression toward the mean can contaminate diary data, making it difficult to measure the pure effects of an experimental variable over time. Using a large scale real-life database collected by AT&T, a method of measuring this mathematical artifact is advanced. It is shown to manifest very quickly as a result of a spontaneous reaction toward happenstance, with the most extreme initial values gravitating most toward the mean. Then averaging over longer and longer periods of time to define use categories is shown to dilute happenstance increasingly, and therefore progressively minimizes or eliminates regression toward the mean. Finally, regression toward the mean is very pervasive and very persistent. 相似文献
46.
Mary E. Curtner-Smith Ph.D. Anne M. Culp Ph.D. Rex Culp Ph.D. J.D. Carrie Scheib B.S. Kelly Owen B.S. Angela Tilley Molly Murphy Lauren Parkman Peter W. Coleman B.S. 《Journal of child and family studies》2006,15(2):177-189
We examined links between mothers' parenting and children's relational bullying and overt bullying in a sample of children attending a Head Start program. Mothers completed surveys and face-to-face interviews. Head Start teachers completed assessments on children. Results indicated that a small percentage of children in the sample was rated by teachers as engaging in relational bullying “frequently to almost always,” and slightly over half of the sample was rated by teachers as engaging in relational bullying “occasionally to about half of the time.” Similar results were found for the frequency with which children engaged in overt physical bullying. Regarding mothers' parenting, maternal empathy was most strongly correlated with both children's relational bullying and overt physical bullying. In addition, mothers' inappropriate developmental expectations for children and mothers' need to exert power over children rather than grant them independence were related to children's relational bullying. A composite variable for mothering predicted 11% of the variance in children's relational bullying. No gender differences were found for children's relational bullying and children's overt bullying. 相似文献
47.
Siu-kuen Azor Hui Rex A. Wright Christopher C. Stewart Angel Simmons Bradley Eaton R. Nicholas Nolte 《Motivation and emotion》2009,33(4):419-434
Female undergraduates were assigned to one of three groups, two involving regulatory training and one not. Training participants
performed for 2 weeks tasks that required strong behavioral restraint (Strong Training) or weak behavioral restraint (Weak
Training). Later, they took part in (1) a laboratory session in which they performed tasks with inhibitory components, and
(2) a follow-up week in which they provided health behavior reports and used designated dental supplies. No Training participants
took part only in the session and follow-up week. As expected, laboratory performance was improved for Strong- relative to
No Training participants, with performance for Weak Training participants falling in between. Also as expected, Strong Training
participants used more floss in the follow-up week than did the No Training participants, with floss for Weak Training participants
falling between. Contrary to expectation, Strong Training participants used less toothpaste and reported having brushed less
than the No Training participants. In addition, Strong Training participants evinced exaggerated—rather than diminished—cardiovascular
responses during the laboratory tasks. The performance and floss use data support the suggestion that inhibitory system strength
can be increased through use. The brushing and cardiovascular findings may be interpretable in inhibitory strength terms. 相似文献
48.
Rex E. Jung Charles Gasparovic Robert S. Chavez Arvind Caprihan Ranee Barrow Ronald A. Yeo 《Intelligence》2009,37(2):192-198
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a technique for the assay of brain neurochemistry in vivo. N-acetylaspartate (NAA), the most prominent metabolite visible within the 1H-MRS spectrum, is found primarily within neurons. The current study was designed to further elucidate NAA–cognition relationships, particularly whether such relationships are moderated by sex, or tissue type (gray or white matter). We administered standard measures of intelligence to 63 young, healthy subjects and obtained spectroscopic imaging data within a slab of tissue superior to the lateral ventricles. We found that lower NAA within right anterior gray matter predicted better performance VIQ (F = 6.83, p = .011, r2 = .10), while higher NAA within the right posterior gray matter region predicted better PIQ (F = 8.175, p = .006, r2 = .12). These findings add to the small but growing body of literature linking brain biochemistry to intelligence in normal healthy subjects using 1H-MRSI. 相似文献
49.
50.
The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: converging neuroimaging evidence 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
"Is there a biology of intelligence which is characteristic of the normal human nervous system?" Here we review 37 modern neuroimaging studies in an attempt to address this question posed by Halstead (1947) as he and other icons of the last century endeavored to understand how brain and behavior are linked through the expression of intelligence and reason. Reviewing studies from functional (i.e., functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography) and structural (i.e., magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, voxel-based morphometry) neuroimaging paradigms, we report a striking consensus suggesting that variations in a distributed network predict individual differences found on intelligence and reasoning tasks. We describe this network as the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT). The P-FIT model includes, by Brodmann areas (BAs): the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BAs 6, 9, 10, 45, 46, 47), the inferior (BAs 39, 40) and superior (BA 7) parietal lobule, the anterior cingulate (BA 32), and regions within the temporal (BAs 21, 37) and occipital (BAs 18, 19) lobes. White matter regions (i.e., arcuate fasciculus) are also implicated. The P-FIT is examined in light of findings from human lesion studies, including missile wounds, frontal lobotomy/leukotomy, temporal lobectomy, and lesions resulting in damage to the language network (e.g., aphasia), as well as findings from imaging research identifying brain regions under significant genetic control. Overall, we conclude that modern neuroimaging techniques are beginning to articulate a biology of intelligence. We propose that the P-FIT provides a parsimonious account for many of the empirical observations, to date, which relate individual differences in intelligence test scores to variations in brain structure and function. Moreover, the model provides a framework for testing new hypotheses in future experimental designs. 相似文献