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Despite numerous attempts, the selective exposure prediction of Festinger's (A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson, 1957) theory of cognitive dissonance has not been consistently demonstrated. In previous studies, this failure can be attributed to design deficiencies, and other related problems. The present study manipulated dissonance by having subjects write a counterattitudinal essay under conditions of high or low choice. Information in the form of pamphlets and discussion groups was offered to the subjects such that they could choose information that was consonant and dissonant with the decision to write the essay. The information was offered either before or after an attitude measure on the essay topic, as the attitude measure could also be a source of dissonance reduction. The results indicate that the high choice manipulation yielded greater attitude change than the low-choice manipulation. High-choice subjects desired consonant information more and dissonant information less than did low-choice subjects. This effect was found for both measures of information desire (pamphlets and discussion groups). Low-choice subjects who received the attitude questionnaire before the information measures wanted information more than if offered the information before the attitude questionnaire, implying a sensitizing effect produced by the attitude questionnaire for the low-choice subjects. The various effects are discussed as providing support for predictions from Festinger's dissonance theory. 相似文献
63.
A high-voltage radio-frequency stimulator was used as a source of motivational footshock in studies of conditional suppression. The circuit of the stimulator is presented schematically, then discussed in terms of affect induced by, gross behavioral response to, and electrical characteristics of, the stimulus. Near daily use of the stimulator across 6 months of formal assessment revealed that nonscrambled presentations of footshock via a grid of aluminum bars invariably resulted in stimulation of rat Ss and generated highly efficient conditional suppression of operant responding. While the stimulator was primarily designed to permit unconfounded presentation of gridshock in a 2,450-MHz microwave field, its simplicity and reliability suggest application in other situations requiring motivational shock. 相似文献
64.
An electronic device for detecting locomotor activity in the home cage of small animals is described. The system involves a dense array of infrared (IR) beams designed to function as switches and capable of penetrating plastic walls of standard rodent cages without operational decrement. The device is reasonably inexpensive, is simple to calibrate, can be used with groups of animals, may be used for extended periods without maintenance, and is reliable with different cages. 相似文献
65.
Virginia Peisch Alexandra D. Sullivan Nicole Lafko Breslend Renee Benoit Stacey C. Sigmon Greg L. Forehand Jessica Strolin-Goltzman Rex Forehand 《Journal of child and family studies》2018,27(7):2082-2099
Opioid abuse is now considered an epidemic, and many of the adults using this substance are parents. The purpose of the current paper is twofold: (1) to review rigorously conducted studies (e.g., included a comparison group; utilized inferential statistics) examining the association of opioid abuse with parenting and child outcomes, and (2) to review parenting intervention programs with these caregivers. Findings indicate that there are very few rigorously conducted studies examining children and parenting when parents abuse opioids. Furthermore, only four intervention programs have been conducted using randomized control trials and inferential statistics. We conclude that there is limited research that can be labeled as a rigorous science currently addressing this aspect of the opioid epidemic. Recommendations for further research are delineated. 相似文献
66.
Ric?G.?SteeleEmail author Jill?S.?Nesbitt-Daly Robert?C.?Daniel Rex?Forehand 《Journal of child and family studies》2005,14(4):535-549
We evaluated the relative goodness-of-fit of two factor structures of the Parenting Scale (Arnold, O'Leary, Wolf, {&} Acker,
1993) among two samples of low-income African American families. Participants included 271 mother-child dyads from urban and
rural areas in the southern and southeastern US, who completed the Parenting Scale along with other measures of parenting
style and dyadic relationship. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) indicated that a two-factor solution, comprising Laxness
and Overreactivity dimensions, was the better fit to the data. Some direct evidence for convergent validity was provided by
a correlation between the Laxness factor of the Parenting Scale and the Firm/Lax Control subscale of the Children's Report
of Parenting Behavior Inventory (CRPBI). Results are discussed in term of Brody and Flor's (1998) “no nonsense” parenting
style. 相似文献
67.
The purpose of this study was to examine the antecedents of child compliance and noncompliance. Both maternal and child behaviors served as predictors. Fifty-six clinic-referred children and their mothers served as subjects. Data were collected in the home setting by independent observers. Four multiple regression analyses were performed. The results indicated that the behavior immediately preceding child compliance or noncompliance typically was the best predictor. Furthermore, the antecedents for child compliance and noncompliance differed. For maternal antecedents, the type of command that served as the best predictor for child compliance and noncompliance differed; however, the final predictor equation was similar for the two types of child behaviors. For child antecedents, compliance was best predicted by compliance and noncompliance was best predicted by noncompliance. The results are discussed in terms of Patterson's coercion hypothesis. 相似文献
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Two revisions of interactive MDS data selection procedures are presented. One revision improves the estimates of the MDS parameters by adding an analysis of the volume of the spatial coordinates of stimuli. Frames of stimuli augmented by an analysis of volume should more nearly surround the swarm of stimulus points. The second revision, based on randomly ordering the list of stimuli, permits more efficient data designs to be selected by reducing the number of judgments collected but never analyzed.This investigation was supported in part by a Research Scientist Development Award (KO2-DA00017), research grants (DA01070 and MH24149) from the U.S. Public Health Service, and a research and instruction award (IUC 2-47622-1990) from the University of California. 相似文献