Personal and participatory socializers of the perceived legitimacy of aggressive behavior in sport

Recent international attention from the media and professional organizations has focused increasingly on violent incidents in sport. The present study developed and used the Sport Behavior Inventory (SBI) to examine personal and participatory variables that influence the socialization of the perceived legitimacy of aggressive sport behavior in children and adolescents ages 8–19 enrolled in public schools. In phase I of this study, the psychometric properties of the SBI as a measure of perceived legitimacy were evaluated in terms of content validity, structural validity, internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. A multiple regression analysis in phase II indicated that increases in athletes’ perceptions of the legitimacy of aggressive sport behavior were positively related to age, being male, and contact sport participation. Results were discussed in relation to the social factors that contribute to the development of perceptions of legitimacy for aggressive sport behavior, and future research uses for the SBI. Aggr. Behav. 27:405–418, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

A Comparison of the 1988 and 1994 Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is an illness that involves severe, prolonged fatigue as well as neurological, immunological, and endocrinological system pathology. Because the pathogenesis of CFS has yet to be determined, case definitions have relied on clinical observation in classifying signs and symptoms for diagnosis. In an attempt to address various criticisms and inconsistencies in diagnostic criteria, there have been several revisions of the CFS case definition. The current investigation examined the differences between 1988 and 1994 definitions as well as participants who had a psychiatric explanation for their fatigue. Dependent measures included psychiatric comorbidity, symptom frequency, and functional impairment. The 1988 criteria, compared to the 1994 criteria, appeared to select a group of participants with more symptomatology and functional impairment, but these groups did not significantly differ in psychiatric comorbidity. Implications of these findings are discussed.     

Beethoven’s last piano sonata and those who follow crocodiles: Cross-domain mappings of auditory pitch in a musical context

Though auditory pitch is customarily mapped in Western cultures onto spatial verticality (high–low), both anthropological reports and cognitive studies suggest that pitch may be mapped onto a wide variety of other domains. We collected a total number of 35 pitch mappings and investigated in four experiments how these mappings are used and structured. In particular, we inquired (1) how Western subjects apply Western and non-Western metaphors to “high” and “low” pitches, (2) whether mappings applied in an abstract conceptual task are similarly applied by listeners to actual music, (3) how mappings of spatial height relate to these pitch mappings, and (4) how mappings of “high” and “low” pitch associate with other dimensions, in particular quantity, size, intensity and valence. The results show strong agreement among Western participants in applying familiar and unfamiliar metaphors for pitch, in both an abstract, conceptual task (Exp. 1) and in a music listening task (Exp. 2), indicating that diverse cross-domain mappings for pitch exist latently besides the common verticality metaphor. Furthermore, limited overlap between mappings of spatial height and pitch height was found, suggesting that, the ubiquity of the verticality metaphor in Western usage notwithstanding, cross-domain pitch mappings are largely independent of that metaphor, and seem to be based upon other underlying dimensions. Part of the discrepancy between spatial height and pitch height is that, for pitch, “up” is not necessarily “more,” nor is it necessarily “good.” High pitch is only “more” for height, intensity and brightness. It is “less” for mass, size and quantity. We discuss implications of these findings for music and speech prosody, and their relevance to notions of embodied cognition and of cross-domain magnitude representation.     

Adolescent Focused Psychotherapy for Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa

The paper describes a manualized specific form on individually based developmentally oriented therapy for Anorexia Nervosa (AN) in adolescents. Adolescent focused psychotherapy for AN is derived from a self-psychology model and is designed to address key deficits in development associated with AN. Adolescents with AN are viewed as using food and weight to avoid negative affective states associated with adolescent developmental issues that they perceive as intolerable. To develop a more constructive coping style and improve self-efficacy, adolescent patients need to first learn to identify and define their emotions, and later, to tolerate emotions, particularly negative ones. In withdrawing from the environment and situations which provoke distress through self-starvation and preoccupations with food and weight, emotional and psychological development is arrested. Learning to identify and cope adaptively with emotions and developmental challenges presented by the environment form the key therapeutic targets of treatment. Specific therapeutic procedures, a case illustration and discussion of therapeutic rationale are also provided.     

Organizational Support for Strengths Use,Work Engagement,and Contextual Performance: The Moderating Role of Age

Applied Research in Quality of Life - Personal strengths are those characteristics that allow us to be at our best, that is, to deliver high performance while feeling happy and energized. Research...     

The Contribution of Attachment and Social Media Practices to Relationship Development

This study tested the hypothesized directional relationship that college students (N = 717; 10.1% response rate to an online survey) who score higher on measures of insecure attachment and social media practices would have lower relationship development quality scores. Structural equation modeling results indicated that participants with greater insecure attachment had lower relationship development quality (large effect size), whereas individuals with greater social media practices had higher relationship development quality scores. Implications for counselors are presented.     

Demographic,Clinical, and Service Utilization Factors Associated with Suicide‐Related Visits among Alaska Native and American Indian Adults

Alaska Native and American Indian people (AN/AIs) are disproportionately affected by suicide. Within a large AN/AI health service organization, demographic, clinical, and service utilization factors were compared between those with a suicide‐related health visit and those without. Cases had higher odds of a behavioral health diagnosis, treatment for an injury, behavioral health specialty care visits, and opioid medication dispensation in the year prior to a suicide‐related visit compared to gender‐, age‐, and residence‐ (urban versus rural) matched controls. Odds of a suicide‐related visit were lower among those with private insurance and those with non‐primary care ambulatory clinic visits.     

Benchmarking the “Question,Persuade, Refer” Program Against Evaluations of Established Suicide Prevention Gatekeeper Trainings

Gatekeeper training is a common approach for aiding suicidal youth. This study utilizes comparative effectiveness “benchmarks” from established programs to evaluate the Question, Persuade, Refer (QPR) program. The QPR program was implemented with adults (N = 2,389) working in youth‐serving community agencies. Questionnaires assessed suicide prevention knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behaviors. Consistent with benchmarked studies, participants in QPR demonstrated knowledge and suicide prevention behavior gains compared with control groups. Future research should utilize benchmarking methods as a measure of effectiveness, and more thoroughly assess mechanisms that promote behavior change.