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141.
Rachel Keen Renee L. Carrico Monica R. Sylvia Neil E. Berthier 《Developmental science》2003,6(2):221-231
When infants catch a rolling ball by intercepting its trajectory, the action is prospectively controlled to take account of the object's speed, direction and path. We complicated this task in two ways: by occluding a portion of the ball's path with a screen, and by sometimes placing a barrier that blocked the ball's path behind the screen. In two experiments we manipulated visual information about the barrier and the ball's trajectory to see how this would aid 9‐month‐olds’ performance. Anticipatory reaching was possible but difficult with a partially occluded trajectory; actually catching the ball was aided by full view of the trajectory although timing of reach onset was not affected. Full sight of the barrier and trajectory through a transparent screen prevented inappropriate reaching, whereas sight of the barrier alone through a ‘window’ in an opaque screen did not. We interpreted these results as evidence for decreased performance as cognitive load increased with the loss of visual information. In contrast to anticipatory reaching behavior, search for the ball after it disappeared behind the screen was facilitated by the opaque window condition, confirming previous studies that found superior search with opaque versus transparent screens. 相似文献
142.
Recent research has underscored the importance of elucidating specific patterns of emotion that characterise mental disorders. We examined two emotion traits, emotional variability and emotional clarity, in relation to both categorical (diagnostic interview) and dimensional (self-report) measures of major depressive disorder (MDD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) in women diagnosed with MDD only (n?=?35), SAD only (n?=?31), MDD and SAD (n?=?26) or no psychiatric disorder (n?=?38). Results of the categorical analyses suggest that elevated emotional variability and diminished emotional clarity are transdiagnostic of MDD and SAD. More specifically, emotional variability was elevated for MDD and SAD diagnoses compared to no diagnosis, showing an additive effect for co-occurring MDD and SAD. Similarly diminished levels of emotional clarity characterised all three clinical groups compared to the healthy control group. Dimensional findings suggest that although emotional variability is associated more consistently with depression than with social anxiety, emotional clarity is associated more consistently with social anxiety than with depression. Results are interpreted using a threshold and dose–response framework. 相似文献
143.
A National Survey on Multicultural Competence for Professional Counselors: A Replication Study
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Sejal M. Barden Renee S. Sherrell Jennifer J. Matthews 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2017,95(2):203-212
The purpose of this investigation was to replicate findings from Holcomb‐McCoy and Myers's ( 1999 ) study, which assessed the multicultural competence of professional counselors. Factor analysis was conducted to determine the components of multicultural competence (N = 171). Differences existed between multicultural competence and race/ethnicity, F(2, 168) = 4.86, p = .009, Wilks's Λ = .95, partial η2 = .06, and education level, F(2, 167) = 8.95, p < .001, Wilks's Λ = .82, partial η2 = .10. 相似文献
144.
Stacy?Ling Renee?O.?HawkinsEmail author Denise?Weber 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2011,20(2):103-116
When students display disruptive behaviors, it interferes with their own, and other students’ learning and with the teacher’s
ability to instruct during academic activities. This study investigated the effects of a classwide interdependent group contingency
on the on/off-task behaviors of an at-risk student in a first-grade classroom in a private Midwestern school. The student
was referred for intervention due to his high rates of off-task behavior and low levels of academic engagement. An ABAB withdrawal
design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention to improve the target student’s behavior as well as that
of his classroom peers. Results suggested that the intervention decreased the individual student’s off-task behavior and increased
academic engagement while also having positive effects on overall behavior in the classroom. 相似文献
145.
Parent Behavior Importance Questionnaire-Revised: Scale Development and Psychometric Characteristics
This paper reports the scale development and psychometric characteristics of the Parent Behavior Importance Questionnaire-Revised
(PBIQ-R). To develop this measure, 502 subject matter experts (SMEs) evaluated 91 parenting behaviors in terms of parenting
behavior specificity (e.g., bonding, discipline), importance level, and appropriateness for children of differing developmental
stages (e.g., infant/toddler, adolescent). SME responses were used to develop the PBIQ-R and related subscales. The resulting
73 item measure provides a psychometrically strong avenue for determining respondents’ parenting behavior values. The measure
and corresponding subscales are closely aligned with current parenting theory and developmental literature with respondents
indicating the relative importance of a range of positive as well as negative parenting behaviors. Results suggest moderate
to strong factor consistency, construct validity, and internal consistency. Findings are discussed relative to parenting theory
and research as well as clinical, counseling, and school psychology practice. 相似文献
146.
When administered near the time of training, protein synthesis inhibitors such as anisomycin impair later memory. A common interpretation of these findings is that memory consolidation requires new protein synthesis initiated by training. However, recent findings support an alternative interpretation that abnormally large increases in neurotransmitter release after injections of anisomycin may be responsible for producing amnesia. In the present study, a local anesthetic was administered prior to anisomycin injections in an attempt to mitigate neurotransmitter actions and thereby attenuate the resulting amnesia. Rats received lidocaine and anisomycin injections into the amygdala 130 and 120 min, respectively, prior to inhibitory avoidance training. Memory tests 48 h later revealed that lidocaine attenuated anisomycin-induced amnesia. In other rats, in vivo microdialysis was performed at the site of amygdala infusion of lidocaine and anisomycin. As seen previously, anisomycin injections produced large increases in release of norepinephrine in the amygdala. Lidocaine attenuated the anisomycin-induced increase in release of norepinephrine but did not reverse anisomycin inhibition of protein synthesis, as assessed by c-Fos immunohistochemistry. These findings are consistent with past evidence suggesting that anisomycin causes amnesia by initiating abnormal release of neurotransmitters in response to the inhibition of protein synthesis. 相似文献
147.
Bryan AD Nilsson R Tompkins SA Magnan RE Marcus BH Hutchison KE 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2011,12(1):20-26
The goal of this research is to utilize a transdisciplinary framework to guide the selection of putative moderators of the effectiveness of an intervention to promote physical activity behavior adoption and maintenance in the context of a randomized controlled intervention trial. Effective interventions to increase physical activity are sorely needed, and one barrier to the identification and development of such interventions is the lack of research targeted at understanding both the mechanisms of intervention efficacy and for whom particular interventions are effective. The purpose of this paper is to outline our transdisciplinary approach to understanding individual differences in the effectiveness of a previously successful exercise promotion intervention. We explain the rationale for and operationalization of our framework, characteristics of the study to which we apply the framework, and planned analyses. By embracing a transdisciplinary orientation for individual differences important in the prediction of physical activity (spanning molecular approaches, animal models, human laboratory models, and social psychological models), we hope to have a better understanding of characteristics of individuals that are important in the adoption and maintenance of physical activity. 相似文献
148.
Renee?J.?ThompsonEmail author Howard?Berenbaum 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(3):323-334
Diminished assertiveness has been associated with neuroticism, depression, and anxiety. Although many assertiveness instruments
have been developed for research and clinical purposes, one common shortcoming is a lack of discriminant validity with regard
to aggression. Further, the wording of many instruments is outdated and discriminatory. The goal of the present research was
to develop a more sensitive instrument measuring two distinguishable forms of assertiveness: adaptive assertiveness and aggressive
assertiveness. We present data validating such a measure, the Adaptive and Aggressive Assertiveness Scales (AAA-S). Participants
included two samples of college students and a clinical sample of adults with anxiety disorders. The AAA-S demonstrated good
internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The aggressive assertiveness scale was associated with various forms of
aggression and peer reports of aggressive assertiveness. The adaptive assertiveness scale was associated with competence and
peer reports of adaptive assertiveness. Importantly, there were no gender differences in adaptive assertiveness. Clinical
implications are discussed. 相似文献
149.
Briellmann RS Saling MM Connell AB Waites AB Abbott DF Jackson GD 《Brain and language》2004,89(3):136-542
We assessed six multilingual subjects by functional MRI using a Noun Verb Generation task in four different languages. We hypothesised that the degree of proficiency in each language would be related to the extent of functional activity measured in a region of interest analysis. Proficiency in each language was quantified using two neuropsychological tests. All four languages activated overlapping brain areas, corresponding to the major language regions. The number of activated voxels correlated with proficiency, so that the activated volume increased for languages in which a subject had poorer proficiency. Activation did not appear to be dependent on the age at which the language was learnt. 相似文献
150.
Ridenour TA Cottler LB Robins LN Compton WM Spitznagel EL Cunningham-Williams RM 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2002,111(1):144-155
DSM-IV antisocial personality disorder diagnosis requires that conduct disorder be exhibited before age 15. However, recent studies have reported on men and women without conduct disorder before age 15 but qualified for the adulthood antisocial personality criterion (AAB). This general-population, retrospective study investigated the plausibility of causal relationships between adolescent drug and alcohol misuse (ADAM) and AAB among subgroups who reported childhood-onset conduct problems (CP), adolescent-onset CP, or no more than one conduct problem. Data from the Epidemiological Catchment Area Study (N = 8,724) suggested that persons with childhood-onset CP are at much greater risk for AAB than persons with adolescent-onset CP. Nevertheless, large proportions of men and women with AAB had adolescent-onset CP or no CP. Regardless of CP history, being drunk by age 18 or having a drug use-related symptom before age 18 increased AAB risk, even after controlling for having a substance use-related disorder in adulthood. Mechanisms that potentially explain these associations are discussed. 相似文献