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81.
The number of items that can be held in human short-term memory (STM) is limited to 7 (± 2) elements. Lisman and Idiart's theoretical model of STM proposes that this value depends on the number of gamma cycles that can fit in one theta cycle. Previous studies on animals and humans provided support for this hypothesis but direct evidence from human EEG scalp recordings has not previously been reported. We recorded spontaneous EEG activity from 17 participants and measured their verbal STM capacity with a modified digit span task from the Wechsler battery. The strong and positive correlation we found between verbal STM capacity and theta/gamma cycle length ratio thus provides a direct argument in favor of this STM theoretical model. In this study we also demonstrated a new method for assessing individual theta and gamma frequencies by detecting functional coupling between these oscillations. 相似文献
82.
Tadeusz Kubiński 《Studia Logica》1961,12(1):83-95
Allatum est die 19 Septembris 1960 相似文献
83.
An increasing number of drugs removed from the market because of unacceptable toxicity raises concerns regarding preapproval
testing of drug safety. In the present paper it is postulated that the non-inferiority type of trial should be abandoned in
favor of the superiority trial with active controls and less stringent (p<0.1, both for efficacy and toxicity) statistics.
This approach will increase sensitivity of detection of drug-induced adverse effects at the expense of increasing false positive
results regarding the difference in efficacy between the tested and reference drug. Such a move will increase the protection
of future patients. In addition, the proposed design is far more acceptable from the clinical (e.g. no need to specify the
statistically expected “unimportant” number of deaths) and ethical points of view, as well as being favored by the strong
incentive of involved parties. In the second part of this paper arguments are presented in favor of the hypothesis that placebo
(still used in some superiority trials) does not induce adverse effects. The assertion that placebo may induce adverse effects
is probably biased by the nature of the clinical experiment. Such a conclusion is supported by studies indicating that placebo-induced
adverse effects are disease — and treatment — specific. The modification of clinical trials according to the proposed changes
may increase the trials’ sensitivity at detecting adverse effects of drugs.
A lecture on the subject of this paper was presented at the 6th International Bioethics Conference on the subject of ‘The
Responsible Conduct of Basic and Clinical Research’, held in Warsaw, Poland, 3–4 June 2005. 相似文献
84.
Tapp J Ticha R Kryzer E Gustafson M Gunnar MR Symons FJ 《Behavior research methods》2006,38(1):165-169
In this article, we describe the Interval Manager (INTMAN) software system for collecting timesampled observational data and
present a preliminary application comparing the program with a traditional paper-and-pencil method. INTMAN is a computer-assisted
alternative to traditional paper-and-pencil methods for collecting fixed interval time-sampled observational data. The INTMAN
data collection software runs on Pocket PC handheld computers and includes a desktop application for Microsoft Windows that
is used for data analysis. Standard analysis options include modified frequencies, percent of intervals, conditional probabilities,
and kappa agreement matrices and values. INTMAN and a standardized paper-and-pencil method were compared under identical conditions
on five dimensions: setup time, duration of data entry, duration of interobserver agreement calculations, accuracy, and cost.
Overall, the computer-assisted program was a more efficient and accurate data collection system for time-sampled data than
the traditional method. 相似文献
85.
The Lambek calculus introduced in Lambek [6] is a strengthening of the type reduction calculus of Ajdukiewicz [1]. We study
Associative Lambek Calculus L in Gentzen style axiomatization enriched with a finite set Γ of nonlogical axioms, denoted by
L(Γ).It is known that finite axiomatic extensions of Associative Lambek Calculus generate all recursively enumerable languages
(see Buszkowski [2]). Then we confine nonlogical axioms to sequents of the form p → q, where p and q are atomic types. For calculus L(Γ) we prove interpolation lemma (modifying the Roorda proof for L [10]) and the binary reduction
lemma (using the Pentus method [9] with modification from [3]). In consequence we obtain the weak equivalence of the Context-Free
Grammars and grammars based on L(Γ). 相似文献
86.
Joanna?Golińska-PilarekEmail author Taneli?Huuskonen 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2005,34(2):193-206
We show that there are continuum many different extensions of SCI (the basic theory of non-Fregean propositional logic) that lie below WF (the Fregean extension) and are closed under substitution. Moreover, continuum many of them are independent from WB (the Boolean extension), continuum many lie above WB and are independent from WH (the Boolean extension with only two values for the equality relation), and only countably many lie between WH and WF. 相似文献
87.
Are symptoms of daytime sleepiness relevant among patients with insomnia? Patients with insomnia frequently report daytime consequences secondary to their difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of daytime sleepiness as defined by a self-reported measure of daytime sleepiness (the Epworth Sleepiness Scale). In addition, the study characterized the patients' psychological status using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. The study corroborated a relatively high frequency of excessive daytime sleepiness and psychiatric conditions among patients with insomnia. Furthermore, the results of the study suggest variation in psychological distress levels, according to the different levels of sleepiness/alertness. 相似文献
88.
Hemispheric dominance in schizophrenics as determined on extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptics
B Peth? P Taríska K Pintér E Sommer 《Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie》1978,30(1):23-27
Phenomena observed during treatment with neuroleptics were clinically measured in an attempt to determine the difference in vulnerability of the two hemispheres and the relation between this difference and schizophrenic diseases. In the group of systematic schizophrenias the increase in tonus was significantly higher in the dominant hemisphere. This finding is considered a verification of the nosological hypothesis of schizophrenias. 相似文献
89.
90.
Zygmunt Ziembiński 《Studia Logica》1964,15(1):261-269
Allatum est die 3 Junii 1963 相似文献