表象加工水平对错误记忆的影响

从表象加工水平角度考察引发错误记忆的因素。结果发现,深的表象加工水平能够抑制诱饵词产生较大的激活,减少错误记忆的发生。随着表象加工水平的加深,有意表象的错误记忆效应显著低于无意表象,而正确记忆效应则显著高于无意表象,表明表象加工水平对错误记忆具有重要影响。根据研究结果提出表象激活混淆假设,认为人们虽然可以用表象作为信息表征的方式,却无法直接获取与之联系的激活路径。当人们推测表象激活的来源时,容易混淆表象激活的来源,产生错误记忆。     

人脑加工自我参照任务的时空特点:来自ERP的证据

以自我参照加工任务为范式,实验采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术,探讨了自我参照加工中符合判断和不符合判断加工的时间进程和大脑神经机制。结果发现,自我参照加工在时间上可以概括分为三个阶段:注意分配阶段N1(80~150 ms)波幅出现自我参照结果的差异;语义整合阶段N2(250~450 ms)波幅和潜伏期出现自我参照结果的差异;评价判断阶段P3(450~700 ms)波幅和潜伏期出现自我参照结果的差异。从我们选择的大脑兴趣区激活水平上分析发现,自我信息在大脑中的激活似乎是一个由右及左,由后及前再及后的动态变化过程。研究结果丰富了自我参照加工的已有结果,并且对未来研究具有一定的启示意义。     

考试焦虑者注意偏向的认知与神经机制

应用情绪版本的外部线索任务,以高中生为研究对象,探讨考试焦虑的产生是由负性刺激的警觉还是脱离困难导致的认知神经机制,以及这种注意偏向(警觉与脱离成分)发生的具体时间进程。行为实验结果发现,相比起低考试焦虑个体,高考试焦虑个体对考试相关威胁刺激存在注意脱离困难。脑电实验结果中,P1成分揭示高考试焦虑者对考试相关和无关威胁线索后靶刺激的注意处理削弱;考试相关威胁线索后靶刺激诱发的P300对于高、低考试焦虑者具有临床鉴别的潜力。     

High-magnetic-field-induced formation of aligned equiaxed grains during directional solidification

The application of a high magnetic field is capable of inducing the formation of aligned equiaxed grains in alloys during directional solidification. The alignment and refinement of the grains is enhanced as the magnetic field intensity increases. The thermoelectric power difference at the liquid/solid interface in four alloys has been measured in situ during directional solidification and it is concluded that the formation of aligned equiaxed grains in a magnetic field should be attributed to the combined action of a thermoelectric magnetic force and a magnetization force.     

The Medium Shapes the Message: McLuhan and Grice Revisited in Race Talk Online

Compared with the wealth of research accumulated on face‐to‐face social interactions, relatively little research has examined race talk within anonymous Web 2.0 mediums. We investigated online threaded comments on YouTube video clips of two race‐related incidents involving New Zealand television presenter Paul Henry. Through thematic content analysis, thematic analysis, and discourse analysis, it was found that characteristics unique to Web 2.0 were associated with the appearance of old‐fashioned racism and high‐levels of obscenity (together with modern racism/symbolic racism). The hyper‐low context of communication led to interpretive ambiguity; conversation sequences failed to follow Gricean maxims for cooperative communication, with most comments attracting no replies and the modal sequence being two turns. There was almost never resolution to a disagreement online: rather there was points‐scoring against opposing opinions and a tangential style of dialogue influenced by the asynchronous and anonymous nature of communication. The YouTube medium shaped but did not determine the message, as obscenity and racist content in the target video from the eliciting public figure influenced the subsequent degree of obscenity and hostility in the responses. A third corpus that examined responses to our own research on race talk presented on a news website (stuff.co.nz) underlined this point by engendering a dramatically different response to the same subject, retaining the tangential style of communication, but with little to no obscenity. A framework to understand race talk as a function of both medium and context effects is proposed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the Possibility of Universal Love for All Humans: A Comparative Study of Confucian and Christian Ethics

On the one hand, Confucianism and Christianity advocate universal love for all humans on the ultimate basis of particular love for parents or for God respectively. On the other hand, they have to sacrifice the former for the latter in cases of conflict since they give top priority merely to the latter. In order to overcome this paradox in theory and realize the ideal of universal love in practice, they should transform their particularistic frameworks into universalistic ones and assign a supreme position to their ideas of universal love for all humans, which imply in a potential way a modern, humanistic principle ‘respect the deserved rights of every human being’.