传教士与中国近代女子教育

传教士来华后,女子教育就成了他们关注的焦点。中国近代女子教育的变迁与传教士密切相关。传教士对男女平等教育思想的宣传,改变了中国传统的"女子无才便是德"观念;传教士创办的教会女校,促进了中国近代女子教育的产生;传教士传入的女子教育模式,为中国女子教育做了示范;传教士还为近代中国女子教育培养了大量的教职人员。     

佛教对当代心理学发展的影响

佛教是一种重要的东方哲学文化,它的一些精神已经渗透进了当代的许多学科领域。在心理学领域,心理学在思想层面、理论层面和实践层面都能看到佛教的核心精神——Dukkha箴言(人的苦难)、Tanha箴言(人的欲望)、Nirvana箴言(苦难中的涅槃)和Magga箴言(摆脱苦难的路径)的影子。因此,探求佛教文化在当代心理学中的生存状况,寻找心理学视野下的真实佛教就成为当代心理学研究的一个基础性问题。     

科学能否帮助我们形成明智的道德判断？

科学和推理能否被用来形成道德判断?科学前沿的突破性发展为人类提供了新的力量,同时也引起了复杂的道德困惑。美国纽约州立大学荣誉教授保罗·库尔茨博士提出科学和推理在形成正确的道德价值判断方面发挥着极其重要的作用,当我们的道德判断是基于理性和科学调查时,它们更加易于表达最高层次的美德。同时它认为建设性的批判主义对于构建一个和谐社会是有益的。     

Expression of the emotions in the drawing of a man by the child from 5 to 11 years of age]

This study examines the development of children's ability to express emotions in their human figure drawing. Sixty children of 5, 8, and 11 years were asked to draw "a man," and then a "sad", "happy," "angry" and "surprised" man. Expressivity of the drawings was assessed by means of two procedures: a limited choice and a free labelling procedure. Emotionally expressive drawings were then evaluated in terms of the number and the type of graphic cues that were used to express emotion. It was found that children are able to depict happiness and sadness at 8, anger and surprise at 11. With age, children use increasingly numerous and complex graphic cues for each emotion (i.e., facial expression, body position, and contextual cues). Graphic cues for facial expression (e.g., concave mouth, curved eyebrows, wide opened eyes) share strong similarities with specific "action units" described by Ekman and Friesen (1978) in their Facial Action Coding System. Children's ability to depict emotion in their human figure drawing is discussed in relation to perceptual, conceptual, and graphic abilities.     

视觉短时记忆与视知觉的信息整合

与知觉整合和跨眼跳的信息整合一样,视觉短时记忆与视知觉的信息整合也是人们加工并保持整体性场景知觉的重要前提条件。近年来研究者们使用空白单元格定位任务进行了一些研究,试图寻求视觉短时记忆与视知觉信息整合的实验证据并探讨其整合机制。该文对已有的相关实验范式、实验证据和整合机制进行了介绍并加以分析,并指出未来研究可以在行为数据的基础上结合眼动和脑成像的数据寻求汇聚性证据     

达米特的辩护主义真理观

达米特从反实在论出发,通过探讨真概念与语义理论的关系、真与意义的关系,提出了一种弱化的真概念。通过将真理理解为人们对于陈述句的一种辩护的能力,提出了一种辩护主义的真理观。主张把“语力”因素作为语义理论的支柱,把语句的真值条件与这种语言的使用实践紧密联系起来,体现了语言哲学中的语用学转向,也体现出解释学对分析哲学的影响和渗透。达米特的辩护主义真理观尽管存在理论上的缺陷并引起较大争论,但它以一种全新的视角来理解真理,在学术界产生了重要的影响。     

Young infants' reasoning about hidden objects: evidence from violation-of-expectation tasks with test trials only

The present research examined alternative accounts of prior violation-of-expectation (VOE) reports that young infants can represent and reason about hidden objects. According to these accounts, young infants' apparent success in these VOE tasks reflects only novelty and familiarity preferences induced by the habituation or familiarization trials in the tasks. In two experiments, 4-month-old infants were tested in VOE tasks with test trials only. The infants still gave evidence that they could represent and reason about hidden objects: they were surprised, as indicated by greater attention, when a wide object became fully hidden behind a narrow occluder (Experiment 1) or inside a narrow container (Experiment 2). These and control results demonstrate that young infants can succeed at VOE tasks involving hidden objects even when given no habituation or familiarization trials. The present research thus provides additional support for the conclusion that young infants possess expectations about hidden objects. Methodological issues concerning the use of habituation or familiarization trials in VOE tasks are also discussed.     

Nonword repetition priming in lexical decision reverses as a function of study task and speed stress

The authors argue that nonword repetition priming in lexical decision is the net result of 2 opposing processes. First, repeating nonwords in the lexical decision task results in the storage of a memory trace containing the interpretation that the letter string is a nonword; retrieval of this trace leads to an increase in performance for repeated nonwords. Second, nonword repetition results in increased familiarity, making the nonword more "wordlike," leading to a decrease in performance. Consistent with this dual-process account, Experiment 1 showed a facilitatory effect for nonwords studied in a lexical decision task but an inhibitory effect for nonwords studied in a letter-height task. Experiment 2 showed inhibitory nonword repetition priming for participants tested under speed-stress instructions.     

Infants' reasoning about hidden objects: evidence for event-general and event-specific expectations

Research over the past 20 years has revealed that even very young infants possess expectations about physical events, and that these expectations undergo significant developments during the first year of life. In this article, I first review some of this research, focusing on infants' expectations about occlusion, containment, and covering events, all of which involve hidden objects. Next, I present an account of infants' physical reasoning that integrates these various findings, and describe new experiments that test predictions from this account. Finally, because all of the research I discuss uses the violation-of-expectation method, I address recent concerns about this method and summarize new findings that help alleviate these concerns.