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571.
Nikita L. Frankenmolen Mareike Altgassen Renée Kessels Marleen M. de Waal Julie-Anne Hindriksen Barbara Verhoeven 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2017,24(1):45-61
Whether older adults can compensate for their associative memory deficit by using memory strategies efficiently might depend on their general cognitive abilities. This study examined the moderating role of an IQ estimate on the beneficial effects of strategy instructions. A total of 142 participants (aged 18–85 years) received either intentional learning or strategy (“sentence generation”) instructions during encoding of word pairs. Whereas young adults with a lower IQ benefited from strategy instructions, those with a higher IQ did not, presumably because they already use strategies spontaneously. Older adults showed the opposite effect: following strategy instructions, older adults with a higher IQ showed a strong increase in memory performance (approximately achieving the level of younger adults), whereas older adults with a lower IQ did not, suggesting that they have difficulties implementing the provided strategies. These results highlight the importance of the role of IQ in compensating for the aging-related memory decline. 相似文献
572.
Vivian Eng Alfred Lim Simon Kwon Su Ren Gan S. Azrin Jamaluddin Steve M. J. Janssen Jason Satel 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2017,79(4):1097-1106
There are thought to be two forms of inhibition of return (IOR) depending on whether the oculomotor system is activated or suppressed. When saccades are allowed, output-based IOR is generated, whereas input-based IOR arises when saccades are prohibited. In a series of 4 experiments, we mixed or blocked compatible and incompatible trials with saccadic or manual responses to investigate whether cueing effects would follow the same pattern as those observed with more traditional peripheral onsets and central arrows. In all experiments, an uninformative cue was displayed, followed by a cue-back stimulus that was either red or green, indicating whether a compatible or incompatible response was required. The results showed that IOR was indeed observed for compatible responses in all tasks, whereas IOR was eliminated for incompatible trials—but only with saccadic responses. These findings indicate that the dissociation between input- and output-based forms of IOR depends on more than just oculomotor activation, providing further support for the existence of an inhibitory cueing effect that is distinct to the manual response modality. 相似文献
573.
本文目的在于对伊斯兰哲学家纳斯尔与新儒家代表人物刘述先在当代“回儒对话”语境中的一场争论进行回顾和总结。本文首先对争论双方的身份以及争论之缘起和大致经过进行了简要介绍,描述了纳斯尔与刘述先的“传统”与“现代”之争的具体内容,并对这场争论背后所潜含的思想实质进行了讨论。 相似文献
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后世存在有证据吗?我们能否与亡者进行沟通?他们的存在是否具有一定的形式呢?是“脱离肉体的灵魂”或是“无实体的精神”?这是个古老的问题。它事关信仰永生和强烈的对不朽的渴望。科学能否调查和揭示那些基于有神论信仰者利益的声明吗?回答是肯定的。科学在尽其所能来回应这些声称时要面对不仅仅是宗教学家们所倡导的灵魂不朽和天堂许诺等内容对人们的深刻影响,还要迎接来自媒体和公众的艰巨的挑战,媒体不断追求轰动效应.庞大的公众群体迷恋于此类现象。 相似文献
577.
The first empirical studies on the fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia; Ruch & Proyer, 2008a,b) indicated that it is a valid and useful new individual differences variable. The aim of the present paper is to examine where in the Eysenckian PEN-model gelotophobia can be located. Based on the available literature, gelotophobes are expected to be introverted, neurotic high P individuals. About N = 230 participants, completed the revised form of the EPQ R, all items from precursors of the P scale, and a gelotophobia questionnaire. Gelotophobes could be described as introverted, scoring higher in the older (more clinically oriented) versions of the P scale. Social desirability did not contribute substantially to gelotophobia. A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the Eysenckian superfactors explained 37% of the fear of being laughed at when older P scales were included. Gelotophobia can be well located in and predicted by established personality variables. However, not all of the variance is accounted for by personality. 相似文献
578.
Research has indicated female adolescents are more vulnerable to body image disturbance than male adolescents. However, scholars have begun to examine the increased emphasis on muscularity for men. The current supposition is that a drive to be muscular may be as dangerous for adolescent boys as a drive to be thin is for adolescent girls. Sports, health, and fitness magazines may be a meaningful training ground for adolescents to learn the importance of muscularity and the methods to obtain these perfect sports bodies. Magazines also reinforce the rewards that accompany the attainment of “perfect” bodies. Nearly 400 high school and college students from an urban area in the Midwest were surveyed to test the extent to which reading fashion, sports, and health/fitness magazines is related to body image and eating disturbances, including the added dimension of muscularity. Results indicate that magazine reading, social comparisons, and critical body image processing are important predictors of body image and eating disturbances for adolescent boys and girls. 相似文献
579.
中国少数民族考生与外国考生HSK成绩的公平性分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
该研究利用项目功能差异(Differential Item Functioning,简称DIF)理论,对HSK考生中不同两个群体——外国人和中国国内的少数民族,进行题目的反应分析。考查HSK的题目是否存在不利于某一群体。具体做法:采用MH和SIBTEST方法检测DIF,利用标准化的离散分析方法和SIBTEST的项目束分析法鉴别DIF的真伪,并寻找造成DIF的原因。由数据分析的结果可知,HSK(初、中等)A卷对对外国考生和中国国内的少数民族考生存在一些有DIF的题目。 相似文献
580.
采用眼动方法.通过两个实验考察了汉语同音同形歧义词的歧义消解过程.结果显示:(1)在中性句子语境中,均衡歧义词的首视时间显著高于偏向歧义词.歧义词的意义通达仅受歧义词意义的相对频率影响,不受语境的影响;(2)在偏向句子语境中,当语境支持歧义词的次要意义时,被试对偏向歧义词的解歧信息的注视时间显著高于其他两类目标词,体现了语境对歧义词意义的整合作用.实验结果支持词汇歧义消解的模块化模型的观点. 相似文献