场景情境和目标模板在视觉搜索中的交互作用

以真实场景图像中的物体搜索为实验任务, 操纵场景情境和目标模板, 采用眼动技术将搜索过程分为起始阶段、扫描阶段和确认阶段, 考察场景情境和目标模板对视觉搜索过程的影响机制。结果发现, 场景情境和目标模板的作用方式及时间点不同, 二者交互影响搜索的正确率和反应时, 仅场景情境影响起始阶段的时间, 随后二者交互影响扫描阶段和确认阶段的时间及主要眼动指标。作者由此提出了场景情境和目标模板在视觉搜索中的交互作用模型。     

领导职业支持对组织公民行为的影响:心理资本的作用

本研究探讨领导职业支持对工作团队成员组织公民行为的影响机制,研究采用问卷调查法,以10个地市的66个工作团队303名成员为调查对象,在控制被试的教育程度、工作经验及人口统计学变量之后,运用多层线性模型分析领导职业支持与团队成员心理资本及其组织公民行为的关系。结果发现：（1）领导职业支持对团队成员心理资本和组织公民行为有积极促进作用;（2）无论在团队层次还是员工层次,领导职业支持对成员组织公民行为有积极促进作用,成员心理资本在二者之间起完全中介作用。     

领导行为对员工创造力的影响:基于变量中心和个体中心的视角*

以10家IT企业的305名员工为被试,采用变量中心和个体中心的分析策略,考察领导行为对员工创造力的影响。变量中心的分析发现,变革领导行为和交易领导行为均显著正向预测员工创造力。个体中心的分析发现,中变革/中交易与(中、低)被动结合的领导类型最为普遍,占全部领导的69.2%;无论被动放任行为高低,高变革与高交易行为组合领导下的员工创造力最高,说明高变革和高交易领导行为的结合最有利于员工创造力,领导类型对员工创造力的影响主要由使用变革和交易这两种领导行为的程度所决定。     

表扬与内在动机关系的三种观点

目前表扬与内在动机的关系共有三种观点：一种观点认为表扬对内在动机有促进作用,另外一些观点则认为表扬会对内在动机产生损害。Henderlong和Lepper对这两类观点进行了整合,提出了第三种观点,他们认为不能简单地说表扬会促进还是损害内在动机,他们引入了5个概念变量(conceptual variables)：自主性(perceived autonomy)、归因方式(performance attributions)、自我效能感(competence self—efficacy)、真诚性(sincerity)、成就标准(standards and expectations),并认为这5个变量决定着表扬对内在动机的影响效果。     

The Case for Psychologism in Default and Inheritance Reasoning

Default reasoning occurs whenever the truth of the evidence available to the reasoner does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion being drawn. Despite this, one is entitled to draw the conclusion “by default” on the grounds that we have no information which would make us doubt that the inference should be drawn. It is the type of conclusion we draw in the ordinary world and ordinary situations in which we find ourselves. Formally speaking, ‘nonmonotonic reasoning’ refers to argumentation in which one uses certain information to reach a conclusion, but where it is possible that adding some further information to those very same premises could make one want to retract the original conclusion. It is easily seen that the informal notion of default reasoning manifests a type of nonmonotonic reasoning. Generally speaking, default statements are said to be true about the class of objects they describe, despite the acknowledged existence of “exceptional instances” of the class. In the absence of explicit information that an object is one of the exceptions we are enjoined to apply the default statement to the object. But further information may later tell us that the object is in fact one of the exceptions. So this is one of the points where nonmonotonicity resides in default reasoning. The informal notion has been seen as central to a number of areas of scholarly investigation, and we canvass some of them before turning our attention to its role in AI. It is because ordinary people so cleverly and effortlessly use default reasoning to solve interesting cognitive tasks that nonmonotonic formalisms were introduced into AI, and we argue that this is a form of psychologism, despite the fact that it is not usually recognized as such in AI. We close by mentioning some of the results from our empirical investigations that we believe should be incorporated into nonmonotonic formalisms.     

人=机器人论题的困境与出路——评勃克斯的逻辑机器哲学

计算机科学与信息技术的迅猛发展,必然引起哲学范式的转换,从而提出具有创新意义的研究纲领.逻辑机器哲学是传统哲学与现代计算机科学、信息技术的哲学思考相结合的产物.它通过人与计算机的类比,探讨用计算机模拟人类心智的可能性以及有关的哲学问题.从本质上看,勃克斯的逻辑机器哲学及其人=机器人论题建基于心智的计算观,而心智的计算观不断地受到了严重的质疑.人工生命的进化研究成果表明,心智的计算观的困境是可以摆脱的."人工意识"的计算机生成和进化系统的动力学研究,将为拯救和发展心智的计算观开辟了新的道路.     

台湾网络成瘾问题硕博士学术研究现况

综观台湾近几年来网络成瘾问题硕搏士研究论文：（1）研究方法采用问卷调查法、质性研究法、类实验设计法等三种型态作研究;（2）研究对象包含高中生、大学生、大学及研究生;（3）研究工具包括中文网络成瘾量表（C1AS）、上网效果正向预期量表、网效果负向预期量表、拒网自我效能量表网络使用调查表等共20种;（4）研究网络成瘾相关变项包括盛行率、性别、上网时数、游戏种类与成瘾的相关性、网络成瘾之认知模式等。长期使用网络在心理层面会形成依赖,在生理层面会形成一些类似戒断反映的症状,因此在享受科技化之际,去了解及认识它对人类各种身心社会的影响力势在必行,去思索改善不良的影响是研究者的责任及使命。     

Evaluating increased effort for item disposal to improve recycling at a university

An evaluation of increased response effort to dispose of items was conducted to improve recycling at a university. Signs prompting individuals to recycle and notifying them of the location of trash and recycling receptacles were posted in each phase. During the intervention, trashcans were removed from the classrooms, and one large trashcan was available in the hallway next to the recycling receptacles. Results showed that correct recycling increased, and trash left in classrooms increased initially during the second intervention phase before returning to baseline levels.     

The Pragmatics of Slurs

I argue that the offense generation pattern of slurring terms parallels that of impoliteness behaviors, and is best explained by appeal to similar purely pragmatic mechanisms. In choosing to use a slurring term rather than its neutral counterpart, the speaker signals that she endorses the term (and its associations). Such an endorsement warrants offense, and consequently slurs generate offense whenever a speaker's use demonstrates a contrastive preference for the slurring term. Since this explanation comes at low theoretical cost and imposes few constraints on an account of the semantics of slurs, this suggests that we should not require semantic accounts to provide an independent explanation of the offense profile.