图表加工的理论模型

图表作为一种以图形和表格记录、展示和传递信息的表征方式已得到广泛应用。图表加工是指人们对图表所呈现信息的认知加工。文章首先说明并简要评述图表加工的规则模型、认知过程模型和计算模型,然后介绍2004年提出的层次框架模型,最后进行小结并指出未来的研究方向     

视觉搜索过程中的眼跳及其机制

该文对视觉搜索过程中的眼跳及其时间进程、神经机制及相关的理论与模型等方面研究进行了回顾。发现内外源性眼跳得到了研究者的普遍关注,对眼运动记忆、返回抑制及眼跳时间进程的研究尚存在分歧。关于眼跳的神经机制,额叶眼动区与上丘分别被认为是眼跳的关键区与指令发出者。尽管不同的眼跳理论与模型对眼跳现象给出了各自的解释,但都不尽完善,尚需对这些理论进行整合或者提出新的解释模型。文章还对未来的研究进行了展望     

投身实地:实践观的近世形态及其现代启示

作为一种系统而有力的思想论说,中国政治文化中的实践观在儒学近世化过程中逐渐凸显并得到强化.它透过文化上与佛老、法家现实主义和汉唐儒学的竞争明确了自身的入世价值取向与正当道德基础.作为这种价值取向的担当者,儒家士大夫在近世政治中的主体意识上升,更加强调将学术与实践结合的使命感,积极投身于改革主义主导的政治参与和社会改造.他们表现出非常自觉的实践意识,其观念以天理与实践、道德实践与政治实践为核心议题,在实理实学的前提下蕴含着超越意识与批判精神.理学与事功学代表的两种实践观模式则体现出儒学内部关于德性论、知行论与体用论的认识两歧性.以近世模式为背景,现代实践论经历了巨大而深刻的转型,意识形态与实践的关系愈趋复杂,实践的主体、范围、方式和精神气质表现出历史的延续与转变.其中,实践迷思对于当下心智的影响值得深入检讨.     

为发展马克思主义的宗教学而奋斗

为怀念任继愈先生创建“中国无神论学会”和创办《科学与无神论》杂志的重大成就，我们重发任继愈先生于1979年发表于《哲学研究》第四期的《为发展马克思主义的宗教学而奋斗》一文。该文曾被指责在批判四人帮问题上不是在比喻、借用的意义上使用“宗教”这个词，而是把个人崇拜“真的看成是一种新的宗教”。指责该文“提出用‘批判宗教神学’、‘大力宣传无神论’来‘扫除宗教’的口号也同样是荒唐”。随着此文的被指责，无神论宣传也就陷入困境，从那时算起。三十年过去了。三十年来，有神论、无神论双方的或经验或教训都是可以总结、也应该总结的。而要总结，这篇文章就是一个开始。关于这篇文章，我们在这里要说的仅仅是两句话：第一，该文明确指出：林彪、四人帮“不是宗教徒和神学家，也没有公开宣传宗教神学”。第二，该文主张批判宗教神学，大力宣传无神论是真的，但并没有主张“扫除宗教”。     

Is the Splash Red?

Ball (2009) claims that without phenomenal concepts, the knowledge argument fails. In this article, I argue that Ball doesn’t succeed in proving his claim. The reason is that the Marianna case is not a case where the acquisition of the concept required for entertaining a phenomenal belief content Q alone is sufficient for Marianna, given enough physical information about her environment, to infer Q.     

Uncovering Substantive Patterns in Student Responses in International Large-Scale Assessments—Comparing a Latent Class to a Manifest DIF Approach

In this study, we contrast results from two differential item functioning (DIF) approaches (manifest and latent class) by the number of items and sources of items identified as DIF using data from an international reading assessment. The latter approach yielded three latent classes, presenting evidence of heterogeneity in examinee response patterns. It also yielded more DIF items with larger effect sizes and more consistent item response patterns by substantive aspects (e.g., reading comprehension processes and cognitive complexity of items). Based on our findings, we suggest empirically evaluating the homogeneity assumption in international assessments because international populations cannot be assumed to have homogeneous item response patterns. Otherwise, differences in response patterns within these populations may be under-detected when conducting manifest DIF analyses. Detecting differences in item responses across international examinee populations has implications on the generalizability and meaningfulness of DIF findings as they apply to heterogeneous examinee subgroups.     

Magnetic-field dependence of nucleation undercoolings in non-magnetic metallic melts

The nucleation undercoolings of non-magnetic metals like paramagnetic aluminium in high magnetic fields were measured by the differential thermal analysis technique. It was shown that the nucleation undercooling of pure aluminium increased with increasing the magnetic field, while its melting temperature was hardly changed. Based on the model of magnetic dipoles at the interface, it is proposed that the magnetic-field-induced interfacial energy mainly contributes to the increase in undercooling. The change in undercooling in the magnetic field is calculated theoretically, which is in comparison with experimental data. Additionally, the inhibition of atom diffusion in the magnetic field plays a role in the change of undercooling.     

Age Differences in the Variance of Personality Characteristics

In contrast to mean‐level comparisons, age group differences in personality trait variance have received only passing research interest. This may seem surprising because individual differences in personality characteristics are exactly what most of personality psychology is about. Because different proposed mechanisms of personality development may entail either increases or decreases in variance over time, the current study is exploratory in nature. Age differences in variance were tested by comparing the standard deviations of the five‐factor model domain and facet scales across two age groups (20 to 30 years old versus 50 to 60 years old). Samples from three cultures (Estonia, the Czech Republic and Russia) were employed, and two methods (self‐reports and informant‐reports) were used. The results showed modest convergence across samples and methods. Age group differences were significant for 11 of 150 facet‐level comparisons but never consistently for the same facets. No significant age group differences were observed for the five‐factor model domain variance. Therefore, there is little evidence for individual differences in personality characteristics being systematically smaller or larger in older as opposed to younger people. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding personality development. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology