幼儿执行功能的发展对心理理论发展的影响*

采用追踪研究设计,探讨儿童3至5岁成长过程中,执行功能与心理理论发展间的预测关系。以155名3岁、4岁儿童为被试,采用经典实验任务对儿童的执行功能和心理理论进行间隔1年的追踪测查,并运用分层回归分析检验了二者间的预测关系。结果发现：儿童执行功能、心理理论在3至5岁期间均有显著的发展,且在此期间执行功能、心理理论的个体差异相对稳定;儿童在3岁、4岁时执行功能与心理理论呈显著正相关,但在5岁时二者间相关不显著;儿童3岁时的执行功能能够显著预测3至4岁期间心理理论的发展,而4岁时的执行功能不能预测4至5岁期间心理理论的发展;3至5岁期间,心理理论对执行功能发展始终不具有预测作用。     

技术文明社会的生态危机意识--评法兰克福学派的科技决定论

本文介绍和分析了法兰克福学派内部在如何看待科技的生态功能问题上的两种迥然不同的观点,指出了它们各自论点中存在的误识和留给人们的启迪,论证了科技进步与合理解决环境污染,生态平衡等全球性问题之间密不可分的关系。     

极权政治研究:从西方到东方的视界转换——魏特夫《东方专制主义》的扩展解读

第二次世界大战催生了"西方的"极权主义研究.魏特夫的<东方专制主义>将极权主义研究的视野从西方转移到东方.本文对魏特夫东方专制主义结构形态的分析进行了重述,对他论述的东方专制主义转型的契机与复辟的危险做了分析.在此基础上,既以批评的眼光审视了魏特夫东方专制主义的"冷战"思维,同时也肯定了他的研究所具有的揭橥东方古典社会政治特质的价值,并指出人类重视自由价值与警惕专制政治的高度相关性与现实针对性.     

在第一届仙和道国际学术大会开幕式上的致辞

各位专家学者、各位道长、各位朋友： 古人说,处处留心皆学问,我们可以看到,韩国国旗上的图案：标乾坤坎离四卦,中间有一太极。此图案将宇宙自然大千世界、森罗万象、芸芸众生无不尽含。思想文化是人类发展进步的导向,没有文化的国家是迷茫的国家,没有文化的人是愚昧的人。由此可以体会到韩国是一个有理想而文明的礼仪之邦。     

科学与宗教能融合吗？

科学与宗教能否融合呢？大爆炸理论、人择原理或者是智能设计论的观点是否证明了有神论者的声明是正确的呢？科学质询的调查者们对此持否定态度。笔者认为看待科学和宗教的关系需要首先明确区别宗教和科学研究、和道德文化、和国家政治之间的关系。笔者认为宗教体系中所倡导的观点和信仰是人类创造性想象力的产物．其主要功能是,在人们面对困难、逆境等无法说明的变化和虚弱等情况时,用以克服绝望和失望的情绪的一种希望。未来科学工作者们将受无垠的真理之美的召唤．客观认识地球的作用和力量,有勇气来追求未知真理的神妙,并决心充实的生活,享受生命,追求科学和思考,爱与被爱,分享梦想与希望,建立一个更美好的全球性的社会,并为人类繁荣和欢跃．包括面对更大的挑战。     

The Sound of Mute Vowels in Auditory Word-Stem Completion

Some studies have argued that orthography can influence speakers when they perform oral language tasks. Words containing a mute vowel provide well-suited stimuli to investigate this phenomenon because mute vowels, such as the second <e> in <vegetable>, are present orthographically but absent phonetically. Using an auditory word-stem completion task, we tested whether subjects were influenced by the presence of mute vowels. We ran experiments in two languages which contain numerous mute-vowel words: Tigrinya, which uses a syllabic/moraic writing system, and French, which uses an alphabetic writing system. We argue that Tigrinya and French speakers based their completion on the sound form of words, rather than the written one. We suggest that the presence of mute vowels at the underlying phonological level, rather than their orthographic representation, influences speakers in the word-stem completion task. Some effects previously attributed to orthography may instead be attributable to underlying phonological representations.     

Personality traits of Russians from the observer's perspective

Data were collected by the members of the Russian character and personality survey from 39 samples in 33 administrative areas of the Russian Federation. Respondents (N = 7065) identified an ethnically Russian adult or college‐aged man or woman whom they knew well and rated the target using the Russian observer rating version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, which measures neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Factor analyses within samples showed that the factor structure of an international sample combining data from 50 different cultures was well replicated in all 39 Russian samples. Sex differences replicated the known pattern in all samples, demonstrating that women scored higher than men on most of the neuroticism, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness facet scales. Cross‐sectional analyses demonstrated consistent age differences for four factors: Older individuals compared to younger ones were less extraverted and open but more agreeable and conscientious. The mean levels of traits were similar in all 39 samples. Although in general personality traits in Russians closely followed the universal pattern, some reliable culture‐specific effects were also found that future studies can help interpret. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Odor quality: Discrimination versus free and cued identification

Eighty-two adults, ranging in age from young to elderly, performed odor-quality discrimination and both free and cued identification on six odorants presented at two intensity levels. The odorants simulated the real-world substances banana, licorice, cherry/almond, wintergreen, clove, and lemon. Performance on all three tasks declined with age, but improved with stimulus intensity. Performance at discrimination benefited from the mere availability of the six names during testing. Performance in cued identification far exceeded that in free identification and, for young and middle-aged adults, fell close to that for discrimination. For elderly adults, however, performance in cued identification fell substantially below that in discrimination. Although not entirely free of cognitive influences, discrimination seems to offer particularly clear resolution of alterations in olfactory functioning.