3～4岁儿童基于可信度特质的信任判断:特质间差异和年龄特点

研究采用对偶选择的范式,通过两个实验考察了96名3～4岁儿童基于可信度特质的信任判断。研究同时测量儿童基于可信度特质(能干、友好和诚实)的信任判断能力和针对这些特质的好坏评价能力。结果发现:(1)信任判断的正确率在3种可信度特质间不存在差异。(2)在信任判断之后再进行好坏评价的情况下(实验一),4岁儿童信任判断的正确率高于3岁,在控制好坏评价能力之后,年龄差异依然存在。(3)在信任判断之前先进行好坏评价的情况下(实验二),则信任判断的正确率不存在年龄差异。这些结果表明不是因为好坏评价能力的缺陷,而可能是任务本身较重的认知负荷使得3岁儿童不能像4岁儿童那样自发地依据特质的效价信息进行信任判断。     

3~4岁幼儿谎言概念理解的特点及心理理论、父母教养方式的作用

以165名3~4岁幼儿为研究对象,采用情境故事法考察谎言概念理解的年龄特点,并进一步探讨幼儿心理理论、父母教养方式对幼儿谎言概念理解的作用。结果表明:(1)幼儿对说真话行为与说谎行为的概念理解不是同步发展的,对说谎的概念理解要早于对说真话的理解,4岁幼儿的谎言概念理解水平高于3岁;(2)控制幼儿的年龄和言语能力后,心理理论与谎言概念理解显著正相关,专制教养方式与谎言概念理解显著负相关;(3)幼儿心理理论在专制教养方式与谎言概念理解之间起部分中介作用。     

好友可信度与9~12岁儿童信任的关系及其发展

以361名9~12岁儿童为被试,采用同伴互评和同伴提名的方法考察了好友可信度与9~12岁儿童信任的关系,以及年龄在好友可信度与儿童信任关系上的调节效应。结果表明:总体而言,好友可信度对儿童信任有正向的预测作用。其次,年龄在好友可信度与儿童信任的关系上具有调节效应,随着年龄的增长,好友可信度对儿童信任的正向预测作用也随之增大。     

Memory for product sounds: the effect of sound and label type

The (mnemonic) interactions between auditory, visual, and the semantic systems have been investigated using structurally complex auditory stimuli (i.e., product sounds). Six types of product sounds (air, alarm, cyclic, impact, liquid, mechanical) that vary in spectral-temporal structure were presented in four label type conditions: self-generated text, text, image, and pictogram. A memory paradigm that incorporated free recall, recognition, and matching tasks was employed. The results for the sound type suggest that the amount of spectral-temporal structure in a sound can be indicative for memory performance. Findings related to label type suggest that 'self' creates a strong bias for the retrieval and the recognition of sounds that were self-labeled; the density and the complexity of the visual information (i.e., pictograms) hinders the memory performance ('visual' overshadowing effect); and image labeling has an additive effect on the recall and matching tasks (dual coding). Thus, the findings suggest that the memory performances for product sounds are task-dependent.     

Same-gender and cross-gender peer acceptance and peer rejection and their relation to bullying and helping among preadolescents: comparing predictions from gender-homophily and goal-framing approaches

The relation between bullying and helping and same-gender and cross-gender peer acceptance and peer rejection was examined in a sample of preadolescents aged 11 and 12 years (N=1,065). The authors tested predictions from a gender-homophily approach vs. predictions from a goal-framing approach in which acceptance and rejection are seen as being generated by approach and avoidance goals, respectively. For preadolescents, both approaches predicted a central role for gender, but the gender-homophily approach predicted symmetrical effects for acceptance and rejection, whereas the goal-framing approach predicted strong asymmetries. The data supported the goal-framing approach. The most important findings were that for preadolescents, acceptance is much more frequent and much more gendered than rejection; the absolute impact of helping on acceptance is much larger than that of bullying (and vice versa for rejection); for acceptance, there is a prototypicality effect (i.e., boys accept bullying girls better than nonbullying girls, and girls accept helping boys better than nonhelping boys); and for acceptance, there is a cross-gender ignorance effect (i.e., boys ignore helping in girls, and girls ignore bullying in boys).     

MK-801与环境线索交互作用对吗啡行为敏感化的影响

为探讨MK-801与环境线索交互作用对吗啡诱导行为敏感化的影响,将42只大鼠随机分为对照组,MK-801组,吗啡组（匹配和非匹配）和MK-801+吗啡组（匹配和非匹配）。行为敏感化模型建立分为发展期,戒断期和表达期三个阶段。实验结果发现：同时给予MK-801（0.1mg·kg-1）会促进吗啡（5mg·kg-1）诱导大鼠行为敏感化的发展,而且会使MK-801成为大鼠行为敏感化表达所必需的条件性刺激。MK-801的内部线索作用过强,从而削弱了环境的外部线索作用。研究结果表明：MK-801对吗啡诱导行为敏感化的影响存在状态依赖（state-dependency）现象,提示在NMDA受体与行为敏感化关系的研究中应考虑选择刺激特性更小的药物     

CSI：传播、倡导科学和理性的组织

2006年“对于声称异常现象科学调查委员会(简称CSICOP)”正式更名为“怀疑探索委员会(简称CSI)”。本文简要介绍CSICOP组织,揭示     

论荀子与黑格尔伦理思想的根本差异——与吾淳先生商榷

吾淳先生在《荀子与黑格尔伦理思想共同点之比较》一文中认为荀子与黑格尔关于伦理学说的人性论证明、社会学证明、伦理问题的基本认识和伦理实现的条件等方面有诸多共同点.事实上,荀子与黑格尔的伦理思想表面上相似,实质上却有天壤之别.     

幼儿期汉语语音意识和英语语音意识的发展

本研究选取3~5岁儿童为被试,从语音单位和操作水平两个维度研究幼儿期汉语语音意识和英语语音意识的发展。在汉语语音意识的发展上,音节意识先于押韵、首音和声调意识而发展起来,3岁儿童已经具备了一定的音节意识,并在3岁到4岁之间迅速发展。在英语语音意识的发展上,幼儿期的音节意识和末位音位意识先于押韵与首音意识而发展起来,从3到5岁表现出清晰的发展次序。首音意识在幼儿期没有发展。从任务的操作水平看,无论是汉语还是英语语音意识,幼儿在辨别任务上的成绩显著低于分析和综合任务。