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151.
There is a long-standing debate as to whether social or physical environmental aspects drive the evolution and development of cognitive abilities. Surprisingly few studies make use of developmental plasticity to compare the effects of these two domains during development on behaviour later in life. Here, we present rearing effects on the development of learning abilities and social behaviour in the jumping spider Marpissa muscosa. These spiders are ideally suited for this purpose because they possess the ability to learn and can be reared in groups but also in isolation without added stress. This is a critical but rarely met requirement for experimentally varying the social environment to test its impact on cognition. We split broods of spiders and reared them either in a physically or in a socially enriched environment. A third group kept under completely deprived conditions served as a ‘no-enrichment’ control. We tested the spiders’ learning abilities by using a modified T-maze. Social behaviour was investigated by confronting spiders with their own mirror image. Results show that spiders reared in groups outperform their conspecifics from the control, i.e. ‘no-enrichment’, group in both tasks. Physical enrichment did not lead to such an increased performance. We therefore tentatively suggest that growing up in contact with conspecifics induces the development of cognitive abilities in this species. 相似文献
152.
ERP correlates of auditory negative priming 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Negative priming refers to slowed down reactions when the distractor on one trial becomes the target on the next. Following two popular accounts, the effect might be due either to inhibitory processes associated with the frontal cortex, or to an ambiguity in the retrieval of episodic information. We used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to identify the processing stage primarily associated with negative priming. In an auditory categorization task, reactions in negative priming trials were compared to reactions in a standard control (unrelated primes and probes) and a repetition control (attended prime=ignored probe) condition. Reactions were slower for negative priming than for standard control (Delta32 ms) and repetition control trials (Delta64 ms). The corresponding ERP effect was reflected in an attenuation of a sustained parietal positivity extending from 300 to 600 ms. Because corresponding ERP components were found to be sensitive to stimulus recognition and familiarity, the results may be interpreted to support an episodic retrieval account of negative priming. 相似文献
153.
Word lists are most commonly used in the investigation of human memory. To prevent transfer effects, repeated measures of
memory for words require multiple lists of different words. Yet, the psycholinguistic properties of all word lists employed
should match as closely as possible to avoid confounding with the independent variable(s) in question. Although comprehensive
databases for word norms exist, to our knowledge no tool is available that automates the creation of such equivalent word
lists. Instead, matching different lists is often accomplished prima facie. We have therefore developed a Windows program
called EQUIWORD that completely automates the creation of word lists that are truly parallel with respect to a wide range
of attributes. EQUIWORD takes psycholinguistic databases of different formats as input and computes several coefficients of
distance for every possible word pairing. Program output consists of a list of all word pairs sorted according to their distance.
On that basis, creating equivalent word lists is simply done by selecting the pairs with the lowest distance coefficients. 相似文献
154.
155.
Ho MH Regenwetter M Niederée R Heyer D 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2005,31(2):365-373
D. von Winterfeldt, N.-K. Chung, R. D. Luce, and Y. Cho (1997) provided several tests for consequence monotonicity of choice or judgment, using certainty equivalents of gambles. The authors reaxiomatized consequence monotonicity in a probabilistic framework and reanalyzed von Winterfeldt et al.'s main experiment via a bootstrap method. Their application offers new insights into consequence monotonicity as well as into von Winterfeldt et al.'s 3 experimental paradigms: judged certainty equivalents (JCE), QUICKINDIFF, and parameter estimation by sequential testing (PEST). For QUICKINDIFF, the authors found no indication of violations of "random consequence monotonicity." This sharply contrasts the findings of von Winterfeldt et al., who concluded that axiom violations were the most pronounced under that procedure. The authors found potential evidence for violations in JCE and certainty equivalents derived from PEST. 相似文献
156.
We give an overview of recent results in ordinal analysis. Therefore,we discuss the different frameworks used in mathematical proof-theory, namely subsystem of analysis including reversemathematics, Kripke–Platek set theory, explicitmathematics, theories of inductive definitions,constructive set theory, and Martin-Löfs typetheory. 相似文献
157.
Temporal order relations in language comprehension 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
van der Meer E Beyer R Heinze B Badel I 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2002,28(4):770-779
The role of temporal orientation (chronological or reverse) and chronological distance (close, intermediate, or distant) in general event knowledge on language comprehension was examined. Experiment 1 used a relation-recognition paradigm in which the comprehension of a target event could be facilitated or disrupted by the temporal orientation implied by the prior information. Experiments 2 and 3 used a sentence-probe-recognition paradigm in which the temporal orientation, the stimulus onset asynchrony, and the chronological distance between the sentence event and the probe event were manipulated. The results demonstrated that readers used temporal information conveyed by their knowledge to construct situation models while comprehending sentences. The internal temporal dimension appeared to be directional and reflected the chronological distance between everyday events. 相似文献
158.
159.
Reinhard Plassmann 《Forum der Psychoanalyse》2016,32(1):83-97
This article first describes some of the general principles by which according to the latest concepts mental processing is accomplished: a transformative, self-organizational approach driven by emotion and is intersubjective.From this the basic principles for the treatment technique can be derived, which systematically differentiates between content interpretation and process interpretation. Objects of process interpretation are observable transformation events of the traumatic material during consultations, their success and destruction. Process interpretations restore the blocked processing abilities of the patient and in this way also prepare for the possibility to work with content interpretation. 相似文献
160.
Mikyoung Lee Reinhard Pekrun Jamie L. Taxer Paul A. Schutz Elisabeth Vogl Xiyao Xie 《Social Psychology of Education》2016,19(4):843-863
While the similarities between emotion regulation (Gross in J Personal Soc Psychol 74:224–237, 1998a) and emotional labor (Hochschild in The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1983) have been theoretically discussed, empirical research on their relation is lacking. We examined the relations between the two constructs as well as their relations with teachers’ discrete emotions in a sample of 189 secondary school teachers. The results showed that reappraisal correlated positively with deep acting, whereas suppression correlated positively with surface acting. The findings further suggest that reappraisal and deep acting are linked to experiencing positive emotions, whereas suppression and surface acting are linked to experiencing negative emotions. However, there also were some differences in how emotion regulation and emotional labor were related to teachers’ discrete emotional experiences. Specifically, reappraisal and deep acting strategies were positively related to enjoyment; in addition, deep acting was negatively related to negative emotions such as anxiety, anger, and frustration. By contrast, suppression and surface acting strategies were positively associated with negative emotions (i.e., suppression with anxiety; surface acting with anxiety, anger, and frustration), and surface acting was negatively associated with the positive emotion enjoyment. Implications for integrating research on teachers’ emotion regulation and emotional labor are discussed. 相似文献