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Reinhard Blutner 《Kognitionswissenschaft》2002,9(4):158-168
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Individuals with low Need for Cognition (NFC) have been found to process information using a peripheral route compared to
individuals higher in NFC. These differences affect the formation of performance expectancies. Based on previous work demonstrating
that the formation of performance expectancies can be understood as an information processing event and that inferring expectancies
from the specific self-concept requires cognitive motivation, we tested whether students with higher NFC had performance expectancies
in a specific subject that more strongly depended on specific self-concept. The participants (554 tenth grade students) reported
their NFC, performance expectancies, general self-concept, and specific self-concepts in mathematics and English. Actual performance
was assessed for mathematics. Multiple linear regressions supported the interaction-hypothesis concerning performance expectancies
in mathematics and English. In addition, the higher the students’ NFC, the stronger actual performance in mathematics related
to the specific self-concept. The results suggested that performance expectancies mediated the effect of self-concept on performance.
NFC is an important variable influencing motivational processes, and should be included in models describing the relation
between self-concepts and individuals beliefs or behaviors. 相似文献
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ObjectiveTo provide a review and commentary on developments and key issues in the psychology of health-related physical activity (‘exercise psychology’).Design and MethodNarrative review and commentary.ResultsA view from Europe is provided, with an emphasis on European influence and research. Summary commentaries are provided using the behavioural epidemiological framework as an organisational tool. The role of psychology is discussed in the study of physical activity correlates, theory, and interventions.ConclusionsThe European influence in exercise and health psychology has been significant. However, more needs to be known about pre-intentional motivation processes and post-intentional volition, as well as clarifying and extending theories (e.g., translating intentions into behaviour). There is also a need to do more intervention work, and to improve how we conduct, evaluate and report interventions. New issues are emerging, including the study of sedentary behaviour. 相似文献
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Stephanie Lichtenfeld Markus A. Maier Andrew J. Elliot Reinhard Pekrun 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(6):1273-1276
Recent research has shown that a two second glimpse of color can have an important influence on affect, cognition, and behavior. The present research examined whether perceiving color is necessary to produce an effect on psychological functioning or whether the mere act of processing a color word might be sufficient. Specifically, four experiments tested the hypothesis that processing the word red undermines intellectual performance, much like actually perceiving the color red. Supportive data were obtained with three different types of subtle manipulation, with three different types of control words, and on two different types of IQ test performance. Worry, but not mood or general arousal, was shown to mediate the semantic red effect, which appears to take place outside of individuals’ awareness. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed. 相似文献
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Reinhard Eckhorn 《Visual cognition》2013,21(3-4):231-265
A single object generally activates neurones in many visual cortical areas corresponding to a distributed representation of its features. Itis still under debate how the distributed representation of an objectis bound intoa coherent whole and how unrelated features are separated. Synchronization of neural signals has been proposed to code spatial feature binding, supported by the discovery of synchronized assemblies in visual cortex. Synchronizations are either fast oscillatory (30–90 Hz) cortically generated events, or non-rhythmical stimulus-locked responses, depending on the visual stimulation. The cortical range over which synchronizations occur, transformed to visual space, is generally several times larger than the classical receptive fields (CRF) of neurones in lower visual cortex areas. However, the cortical regions synchronized by fastoscillations do notspan the representational range of larger objects but only parts of it. To relate such restricted segments to perceptual processes the concept of the association field (AF) of local neural assemblies was introduced in accordance with CRFs of single neurones. Here an AF is composed of the aggregate of CRFs of an assembly engaged in a common synchronized state. Itis argued thatspatial continuity of an object is coded by a continuum of overlapping AFs, that is, by overlapping regions of phase coupled neurones. Hence, object continuity would be represented by phase continuity. Besides feature binding, feature separation is necessary for scene segmentation. Separation may be coded by functional decoupling causing uncorrelated activities or by mutual inhibition leading to alternating activations in assemblies of separate representations. A third temporal coding aspect is temporal segmentation by the shortactivation-inhibition cycles of fast oscillations orshorttransientstimulus-locked responses, which may preventperceptual “smearing” by interrupting the flow of visual information into precisely defined frames. The presentpaperalso aims atrelating signals of stimulus dependentsynchronization and desynchronization with basic neural mechanisms and circuits. Finally, the synchronization hypothesis is critically discussed with respect to contradictory psychophysical work and supportive new recording results, including evidence for perception-related synchronizations. 相似文献
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It has been assumed that task-specific self-concepts are more important than general self-concepts in determining expectancies of success and subsequent achievement. The authors argue here that the influence varies depending on need for cognition (NFC). Findings from Study 1 (N=104) showed that expectancies of success in an academic task could be predicted from specific self-concept for individuals with a high NFC and from general self-concept for individuals with a low NFC. In Study 2 (N=193), where cognitive load was manipulated, given a high cognitive load, only general self-concept was predictive of success expectancies, independent of NFC. In Study 3 (N=197), given a high relevance of correct expectancy ratings, only specific self-concept was predictive of expectancies and actual achievement, independent of NFC. In Studies 4 and 5, the results from Study 1 concerning the prediction of expectancies (as well as achievement) reappeared in a physical and a social domain. 相似文献