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81.
Dr. med. Reinhard Lindner 《Psychotherapeut》2003,48(4):230-239
The diagnosis of suicidality is an important challenge in psychotherapy: The threat of life has to be determined, decisions in differential therapy must be made and the therapeutical relationship must be established. The psychoanalytical contribution to the diagnostics of suicidality is the analysis of transference and countertransference phenomena, of "scenic" actions and of enactments between patient and therapist. By a systematic qualitative research method ("forming ideal types by understanding") 5 prototypical transference-/countertransference situations at the beginning of outpatient psychodynamic psychotherapy of suicidal men are identified and out of them 3 ideal types are constructed. The object-alienated ideal type with an avoidant transference and "weak", e.g. unemotional complementary countertransference appears to be a special problem. If aggression and strong attachment wishes toward the object come into the therapeutic relationship, this often is an indicator for the contacts’strength and can lead to deactualisation of suicidality. The results are discussed with and supported by methodically different publications on object relations orientated aspects of suicidality. 相似文献
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Reinhard Blutner 《Kognitionswissenschaft》2002,9(4):158-168
84.
Individuals with low Need for Cognition (NFC) have been found to process information using a peripheral route compared to
individuals higher in NFC. These differences affect the formation of performance expectancies. Based on previous work demonstrating
that the formation of performance expectancies can be understood as an information processing event and that inferring expectancies
from the specific self-concept requires cognitive motivation, we tested whether students with higher NFC had performance expectancies
in a specific subject that more strongly depended on specific self-concept. The participants (554 tenth grade students) reported
their NFC, performance expectancies, general self-concept, and specific self-concepts in mathematics and English. Actual performance
was assessed for mathematics. Multiple linear regressions supported the interaction-hypothesis concerning performance expectancies
in mathematics and English. In addition, the higher the students’ NFC, the stronger actual performance in mathematics related
to the specific self-concept. The results suggested that performance expectancies mediated the effect of self-concept on performance.
NFC is an important variable influencing motivational processes, and should be included in models describing the relation
between self-concepts and individuals beliefs or behaviors. 相似文献
85.
ObjectiveTo provide a review and commentary on developments and key issues in the psychology of health-related physical activity (‘exercise psychology’).Design and MethodNarrative review and commentary.ResultsA view from Europe is provided, with an emphasis on European influence and research. Summary commentaries are provided using the behavioural epidemiological framework as an organisational tool. The role of psychology is discussed in the study of physical activity correlates, theory, and interventions.ConclusionsThe European influence in exercise and health psychology has been significant. However, more needs to be known about pre-intentional motivation processes and post-intentional volition, as well as clarifying and extending theories (e.g., translating intentions into behaviour). There is also a need to do more intervention work, and to improve how we conduct, evaluate and report interventions. New issues are emerging, including the study of sedentary behaviour. 相似文献
86.
Current theories of social cognition are mainly based on a representationalist view. Moreover, they focus on a rather sophisticated
and limited aspect of understanding others, i.e. on how we predict and explain others’ behaviours through representing their
mental states. Research into the ‘social brain’ has also favoured a third-person paradigm of social cognition as a passive
observation of others’ behaviour, attributing it to an inferential, simulative or projective process in the individual brain.
In this paper, we present a concept of social understanding as an ongoing, dynamical process of participatory sense-making
and mutual incorporation. This process may be described (1) from a dynamical agentive systems point of view as an interaction and coordination of two embodied agents; (2) from a phenomenological approach as a mutual incorporation, i.e. a process in which the lived bodies of both participants extend and form a common intercorporality. Intersubjectivity,
it is argued, is not a solitary task of deciphering or simulating the movements of others but means entering a process of
embodied interaction and generating common meaning through it. This approach will be further illustrated by an analysis of
primary dyadic interaction in early childhood. 相似文献
87.
Rumination has been suggested to be an important factor maintaining posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Using an analogue design, this study aimed to experimentally test the hypothesis that trauma-related rumination maintains PTSD symptoms. Fifty-one participants were first asked to give a detailed narrative of a negative life event and were then randomly assigned to a rumination or distraction condition. In line with the hypotheses, rumination about the event resulted in the maintenance of negative mood and intrusive memories immediately after the manipulation whereas distraction resulted in symptom reduction. However, this effect was reversed during a subsequent symptom provocation task, in which distraction led to a greater increase in some of the symptoms than rumination. Results are in line with the idea that rumination is involved in the maintenance of PTSD but may suggest a complex relationship between rumination and posttraumatic stress symptoms. 相似文献
88.
Stephanie Lichtenfeld Markus A. Maier Andrew J. Elliot Reinhard Pekrun 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(6):1273-1276
Recent research has shown that a two second glimpse of color can have an important influence on affect, cognition, and behavior. The present research examined whether perceiving color is necessary to produce an effect on psychological functioning or whether the mere act of processing a color word might be sufficient. Specifically, four experiments tested the hypothesis that processing the word red undermines intellectual performance, much like actually perceiving the color red. Supportive data were obtained with three different types of subtle manipulation, with three different types of control words, and on two different types of IQ test performance. Worry, but not mood or general arousal, was shown to mediate the semantic red effect, which appears to take place outside of individuals’ awareness. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed. 相似文献
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