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131.
This study addresses the role of three factors in morphological processing of visually presented words in Finnish: word formation type (inflection versus derivation), productivity, and affixal homonymy. Three visual lexical decision experiments show that complex words can be processed slower, equally fast, or even faster than comparable monomorphemic word forms. We will argue that this diverse pattern of results reflects the ways different complex words are stored and processed. Moreover, it indicates that the balance of storage and computation crucially depends on the interplay of the three above-mentioned factors. Surprisingly, our results converge in a manner consistent with data obtained from a typologically very different language, namely Dutch. 相似文献
132.
Dale E. Bertram MA MEd David Hale MS Carl Van Frusha MA 《Contemporary Family Therapy》1993,15(2):139-147
The study found that a connection exists between rhetoric and therapy because both fields are interested in using language as a tool for generating change. Persuasion is viewed as inherent in human communication, even though people do not necessarily intentionally attempt to persuade others. Following a brief (but detailed) explanation of the theoretical stance which informs the implementation of rhetorical techniques in therapy, three pragmatic exemplars are offered to demonstrate the employment of two classical rhetorical concepts, the parastasis catalogue and syncrisis.The authors are grateful to Sandra Kodner, MS for her participation in the development of this project. 相似文献
133.
Bertram Gawronski Galen V. Bodenhausen 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2005,41(5):515-526
Five studies tested the assumptions: (a) that ingroups are habitually used as a standard of comparison for outgroup judgments, and (b) that outgroup judgments are generally contrasted away from a momentary construal of the ingroup. Results generally support these assumptions. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated increased activation levels of ingroup knowledge as a result of corresponding outgroup judgments. Experiments 3 and 4 showed that outgroup judgments depend not only on cognitively accessible outgroup exemplars, but also on accessible ingroup exemplars. Finally, Experiment 5 demonstrated that the impact of accessible ingroup exemplars on outgroup judgments is mediated by changes in the construal of the ingroup, such that: (a) outgroups were judged lower with regard to a given trait the higher participants perceived their ingroup with regard to that trait, and (b) controlling for the effect of ingroup construal attenuated the obtained effects on outgroup judgments. 相似文献
134.
Sherman JW Gawronski B Gonsalkorale K Hugenberg K Allen TJ Groom CJ 《Psychological review》2008,115(2):314-335
The distinction between automatic processes and controlled processes is a central organizational theme across areas of psychology. However, this dichotomy conceals important differences among qualitatively different processes that independently contribute to ongoing behavior. The Quadruple process model is a multinomial model that provides quantitative estimates of 4 distinct processes in a single task: the likelihood that an automatic response tendency is activated; the likelihood that a contextually appropriate response can be determined; the likelihood that automatic response tendencies are overcome when necessary; and the likelihood that in the absence of other information, behavior is driven by a general response bias. The model integrates dual-process models from many domains of inquiry and offers a generalized, more nuanced framework of impulse regulation across these domains. The model offers insights into many central questions surrounding the operation and the interaction of automatic and controlled processes. Applications of the model to empirical and theoretical concerns in a variety of areas of psychology are discussed. 相似文献
135.
What Do Implicit Measures Tell Us? Scrutinizing the Validity of Three Common Assumptions 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Bertram Gawronski Etienne P. LeBel Kurt R. Peters 《Perspectives on Psychological Science》2007,2(2):181-193
ABSTRACT— Experimental paradigms designed to assess "implicit" representations are currently very popular in many areas of psychology. The present article addresses the validity of three widespread assumptions in research using these paradigms: that (a) implicit measures reflect unconscious or introspectively inaccessible representations; (b) the major difference between implicit measures and self-reports is that implicit measures are resistant or less susceptible to social desirability; and (c) implicit measures reflect highly stable, older representations that have their roots in long-term socialization experiences. Drawing on a review of the available evidence, we conclude that the validity of all three assumptions is equivocal and that theoretical interpretations should be adjusted accordingly. We discuss an alternative conceptualization that distinguishes between activation and validation processes. 相似文献
136.
Drawing on two alternative accounts of the affective priming effect (spreading activation vs. response interference), the present research investigated the underlying processes of how evaluative context stimuli influence implicit evaluations in the affective priming task. Employing two sequentially presented prime stimuli (rather than a single prime), two experiments showed that affective priming effects elicited by a given prime stimulus were more pronounced when this stimulus was preceded by a context prime of the opposite valence than when it was preceded by a context prime of the same valence. This effect consistently emerged for pictures (Experiment 1) and words (Experiment 2) as prime stimuli. These results suggest that the impact of evaluative context stimuli on implicit evaluations is mediated by contrast effects in the attention to evaluative information rather than by additive effects in the activation of evaluative information in associative memory. 相似文献
137.
Rosalyn M. Bertram Jesse C. Suter Eric J. Bruns Koren E. O’Rourke 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(6):713-725
We used the framework identified by the National Implementation Research Network’s (NIRN) analysis of 35 years of implementation
outcomes literature from diverse fields of endeavor to review the current state of wraparound implementation research. Model
definition, model fidelity and intervention outcomes were areas of relatively greater development, while target population,
theory base and theory of change, organizational context and readiness, staff selection, training, supervision or coaching,
purveyor selection, and program installation were less examined or even overlooked. We conclude with suggestions for building
a research agenda on wraparound implementation. 相似文献
138.
Gawronski B Rydell RJ Vervliet B De Houwer J 《Journal of experimental psychology. General》2010,139(4):683-701
Research has shown that automatic evaluations can be highly robust and difficult to change, highly malleable and easy to change, and highly context dependent. We tested a representational account of these disparate findings, which specifies the conditions under which automatic evaluations reflect (a) initially acquired information, (b) subsequently acquired, counterattitudinal information, or (c) a mixture of both. The account postulates that attention to contextual cues during the encoding of evaluative information determines whether this information is stored in a context-free representation or a contextualized representation. To the extent that attention to context cues is low during the encoding of initial information but is enhanced by exposure to expectancy-violating counterattitudinal information, initial experiences are stored in context-free representations, whereas counterattitudinal experiences are stored in contextualized representations. Hence, automatic evaluations tend to reflect the valence of counterattitudinal information only in the context in which this information was learned (occasion setting) and the valence of initial experiences in any other context (renewal effect). Four experiments confirmed these predictions, additionally showing that (a) the impact of initial experiences was reduced for automatic evaluations in novel contexts when context salience during the encoding of initial information was enhanced, (b) context effects were eliminated altogether when context salience during the encoding of counterattitudinal information was reduced, and (c) enhanced context salience during the encoding of counterattitudinal information produced context-dependent automatic evaluations even when there was no contingency between valence and contextual cues. Implications for automatic evaluation, learning theory, and interventions in applied settings are discussed. 相似文献
139.
Hofmann W Gawronski B Gschwendner T Le H Schmitt M 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2005,31(10):1369-1385
Theoretically, low correlations between implicit and explicit measures can be due to (a) motivational biases in explicit self reports, (b) lack of introspective access to implicitly assessed representations, (c) factors influencing the retrieval of information from memory, (d) method-related characteristics of the two measures, or (e) complete independence of the underlying constructs. The present study addressed these questions from a meta-analytic perspective, investigating the correlation between the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and explicit self-report measures. Based on a sample of 126 studies, the mean effect size was .24, with approximately half of the variability across correlations attributable to moderator variables. Correlations systematically increased as a function of (a) increasing spontaneity of self-reports and (b) increasing conceptual correspondence between measures. These results suggest that implicit and explicit measures are generally related but that higher order inferences and lack of conceptual correspondence can reduce the influence of automatic associations on explicit self-reports. 相似文献
140.
An experiment was designed to test whether or not Parkinson's disease (PD) patients were able to maintain endpoint kinematic patterns in a prehension task involving movement of the torso. Nine PD patients and nine healthy controls were asked to reach for and grasp a full cup of water that was either covered or uncovered and placed beyond the reach of the outstretched arm. An OPTOTRAK (Northern Digital) 3-dimensional motion analysis system was used to capture the movement of four markers placed on the arm, hand, and torso. The results indicated the Parkinson's patients had a decreased ability to maintain the kinematics of the end effector. The PD patients were also found to be impaired in terms of their ability to synchronize the arm, hand, and torso. More specifically, although the elderly controls seemed to employ a strategy of increasing the involvement of the torso when reaching to grasp the uncovered cup, no such strategy was observed in the PD patients. Collectively, the results suggest that the multi-joint synergies observed in the elderly controls, which help preserve relatively consistent endpoint trajectories, are disrupted in Parkinson's patients. 相似文献