How Do Mothers Help Their Children Sleep at Night? Night‐waking Strategy Use Among Mothers of Preschool‐aged Children

Night‐waking is common among preschool‐aged children. Little is known about night‐time parenting among parents of preschool‐aged children. To explore night‐waking strategy use in a community sample, 203 mothers (M age = 32 years, SD = 5.1; children's M age = 3.4 years, SD = 1.0) completed the Night‐waking Strategy Scale (NSS) and measures of general parenting, agreement with night‐waking strategies, and children's sleep. Children were grouped by age (2‐, 3‐, and 4‐to‐5‐year‐olds). Mothers endorsed using routines most frequently, followed by active comforting and rewards; limit‐setting and punishment were used less often. NSS punishment and routines were significantly associated with parenting (e.g. laxness was correlated with NSS routines, rs = ?.35 to .47, p < .001). Night‐waking strategy use was correlated with agreement with those strategies (e.g. active comforting was correlated with agreement with active comforting rs = .35 to .52, p < .001). Active comforting was correlated with the frequency of children's night‐waking for 2‐ and 3‐year‐olds (rs = .35 and .38, respectively, p < .01). Mothers of preschool‐aged children in the community engage in a range of parenting strategies to manage children's night‐waking. These strategies are largely consistent with general parenting and agreement with night‐waking strategy use. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The discrimination of angry and fearful facial expressions in 7-month-old infants: An event-related potential study

The important ability to discriminate facial expressions of emotion develops early in human ontogeny. In the present study, 7-month-old infants’ event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to angry and fearful emotional expressions were measured. The angry face evoked a larger negative component (Nc) at fronto-central leads between 300 and 600 ms after stimulus onset when compared to the amplitude of the Nc to the fearful face. Furthermore, over posterior channels, the angry expression elicited a N290 that was larger in amplitude and a P400 that was smaller in amplitude than for the fearful expression. This is the first study that shows that the ability of infants to discriminate angry and fearful facial expressions can be measured at the electrophysiological level. These data suggest that 7-month-olds allocated more attentional resources to the angry face as indexed by the Nc. Implications of this result may be that the social signal values were perceived differentially, not merely as “negative”. Furthermore, it is possible that the angry expression might have been more arousing and discomforting for the infant compared with the fearful expression.     

A Qualitative Exploration of Thriving in Elite Sport

Athletes are often described as thriving in sport; however, extant research on this construct in sport has been divergent. This study aimed to provide the first dedicated exploration of thriving in elite sport performers by considering its characteristics, outcomes, and facilitators. Semistructured interviews (n = 15) were conducted with athletes, coaches, and sport psychology practitioners and were analyzed using applied thematic analysis. Thriving was perceived to comprise a sustained high-level of performance and dimensions of well-being. Furthermore, predominantly positive outcomes of thriving were described, and participants identified a network of personal and contextual enablers that could facilitate thriving.     

Judgments of Highly Creative Advertising: Presence of Functional Matching and the FCB Planning Model in Clio-Winning Advertisements

Highly creative advertisements are the end-products of creativity in advertising, and their creation is generally thought to be driven by strategic planning. Thus, 534 Clio-awarded advertisements from the years 2011–2014 were content-analyzed to determine whether implications of two popular planning frameworks, functional matching and the Foote, Cone, and Belding Planning Model, were present in the industry’s best creative work. Since 1960, the Clio Award Program has annually recognized the world’s most creative advertisements. Clio-awarded advertisements are selected by panels of advertising experts specifically constituted to offset gender and country of origin bias. The study found that implications of the two planning frameworks were not present in the industry’s most creative work: types of value-expressive appeals were more frequent than types of utilitarian appeals in Clio-awarded advertisements, regardless of the nature of the advertised products or the category of media used to deliver product messaging. These findings support previous research, which found that highly creative advertising rarely is based on strategic considerations. However, they were inconsistent with other research regarding the presence of the two planning frameworks in general TV advertising.     

Trait Forgiveness and Dyadic Adjustment Predict Postnatal Depression

The birth of a first child can be stressful on intimate partner relationships and the women having their first child. Conflict can occur, and hurts might be experienced, which could lead to post-partum depression. Thus, capacity for forgiveness with specific hurts might affect post-partum depression. We investigated women having their first child (N?=?52), and examined whether dyadic adjustment, trait forgiveness, and situational forgiving during pregnancy predicted postpartum depression. This study found that marital forgiveness predicted lower levels of depression above and beyond the effects of general dyadic adjustment. Dyadic adjustment and trait forgiveness predicted postpartum depression while situational forgiving was mixed. Postpartum depression researchers are encouraged to consider the inclusion of positive psychology variables, such as forgiveness, in future research studies.     

Positive Life Events as a Moderator of Stress‐Related Depressive Symptoms

This study examines the relationships among positive life events, negative life events, and depressive symptoms in a sample of college students. Consistent with predictions, the results of a hierarchical multiple regression indicated a significant main effect for negative life events in predicting depressive symptoms such that increases in negative life events were associated with increases in depressive symptoms. There was also significant interaction between positive and negative life events such that the depressive effects of higher levels of negative life events seem to be reduced for subjects who had also experienced higher levels of positive life events.     

‘Oh I do like to be beside the seaside’: opportunity structures for four un/underemployed young people living in English coastal towns

Long-term unemployed young people are a ‘social concern’ in many countries. The focus for research is usually cities, but may also include rural areas. The qualitative study described in this paper focuses instead on four young people living in coastal towns in South East England. The study suggests that their experiences in education and employment markets are shaped, negatively, by their particular location and the ongoing opportunity structures. The paper outlines their views and discusses the three main themes that emerged from the analysis: opportunity structures, supported resilience and the impact of living in a coastal town. Implications for targeted youth guidance are considered, alongside a consideration of the reflexive role of the researcher in such work.