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Evidence that women of color are dealt with as anomalies in psychological research is discussed in order to: (a) inform researchers about the omissions, (b) stimulate interest in increased inclusion of women of color among research populations, and (c) demonstrate the need for increased diversity in research paradigms. It is noted that research paradigms directed at the study of the "universal woman" have in actuality focused on White middle class populations. This article examines the methodological and theoretical transformations that have occurred in the literature, and evaluates the extent to which researchers have successfully incorporated ethnicity into the study of gender issues. This is a call for an examination of women's experiences relative to ethnicity and a paradigmatic shift in the assumptions about what is worthy or appropriate for investigation. 相似文献
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J. Raymond Reid 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》1974,3(3):233-245
An aural conjunctive concept formation experiment used as stimuli sentences varying systematically in Voice (active/passive), Mood (declarative/interrogative), Modality (affirmative/negative), tense, and lexical content. Target classes were the eight sentence types defined by all combinations of the first three syntactic variables. Aural processing was more difficult than visual, but higher education level facilitated concept acquisition for males and females equally (cf. Bakeret al., 1973). The 64 undergraduate subjects tended to avoid syntactic analysis in depth, classifying sentences on as cursory a basis as the task allowed. The simple, unequivocal syntactic signals of Mood and Modality meaning were readily apparent, but the discrimination of Voice was complicated by ambiguous syntactosemantic associations and lack of discourse context. Voice is thus not seen as a determinant of utterance type, but as a context- and content-dependent realization of agent or object focus in transitive messages.This report is based on an M.Sc. thesis completed at the University of Alberta (Edmonton, Canada), in 1972 相似文献
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R. L. Reid 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1952,4(2):49-56
Sixteen pigeons were used in an experiment designed to show the sensory preconditioning effect as originally reported by Brogden. An experimental group received 200 simultaneous presentations of a buzzer paired with a light stimulus. They were then trained to respond to one of these stimuli alone and tested for response to the other. A control group received the same treatment except in the initial stage when 200 presentations of the test stimulus only were given. The results provided no evidence that the pairing of stimuli affected behaviour during the critical test.
Both groups responded to the test stimulus to a similar degree in this experiment, whereas in Brogden's original study with dogs experimental animals responded significantly more frequently than did their controls. The discrepancy in results can be attributed to the use of different control procedures in the two experiments. Brogden's controls were not exposed to presentations of the test stimulus before training. Differences in familiarity with this stimulus may have produced the differences between the behaviour of his control and experimental animals. This interpretation is supported by the result of a preliminary experiment with pigeons in which Brogden's control procedure was used and his original results confirmed.
With human subjects there is some evidence that pairing procedures may result in enhanced generalization, alterations in sensory thresholds or hallucinations. However, these effects are little understood and difficult to predict. Although no functional relationships like those found in ordinary conditioning have yet been shown to apply, the terms “sensory conditioning” and “sensory pre-conditioning” have been widely used and the data have been quoted in support of theories of learning that require the setting up of direct sensory-sensory relationships.
Until there is unequivocal evidence of pairing effects with animals or fuller knowledge of the occurrence of such effects with human subjects, it is considered unadvisable to link them even by name with basic learning mechanisms such as conditioning. 相似文献
Both groups responded to the test stimulus to a similar degree in this experiment, whereas in Brogden's original study with dogs experimental animals responded significantly more frequently than did their controls. The discrepancy in results can be attributed to the use of different control procedures in the two experiments. Brogden's controls were not exposed to presentations of the test stimulus before training. Differences in familiarity with this stimulus may have produced the differences between the behaviour of his control and experimental animals. This interpretation is supported by the result of a preliminary experiment with pigeons in which Brogden's control procedure was used and his original results confirmed.
With human subjects there is some evidence that pairing procedures may result in enhanced generalization, alterations in sensory thresholds or hallucinations. However, these effects are little understood and difficult to predict. Although no functional relationships like those found in ordinary conditioning have yet been shown to apply, the terms “sensory conditioning” and “sensory pre-conditioning” have been widely used and the data have been quoted in support of theories of learning that require the setting up of direct sensory-sensory relationships.
Until there is unequivocal evidence of pairing effects with animals or fuller knowledge of the occurrence of such effects with human subjects, it is considered unadvisable to link them even by name with basic learning mechanisms such as conditioning. 相似文献
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Members of eight single‐sex groups each consisting of three pro‐ and three anti‐capital punishment adherents discussed their views for 30 minutes, and afterwards individually rated ingroup and outgroup members on social influence ranking, prototypicality, and social attractiveness. From the intragroup hypothesis that speaking turns are a resource for influence (Ng & Bradac, 1993), we predicted and found that turns were correlated strongly with influence in the intergroup context. Further, using self‐categorization theory (SCT; Turner, 1985), we hypothesized that social identity processes would interact with turns, especially with turns obtained through interruptions. Interruptions encoded in prototypical utterances were more strongly correlated with social influence and prototypicality, but not social attraction, than interruptions encoded in non‐prototypical utterances. Further, interruption attempts enacted in prototypical utterances were found to be more likely to be successful than unsuccessful in obtaining turns, while those enacted in non‐prototypical utterances were more likely to be unsuccessful than successful. Additionally, interruption turns were longer when enacted in prototypical over non‐prototypical utterances. Overall, the findings suggest that the power/influence of language is interactively organized and constructed around salient self‐categorizations. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Linda C. Halgunseth Graciela Espinosa-Hernández Hee-Koung Joeng Yiting Chang Noel Card Alexander Reid 《Journal of child and family studies》2017,26(2):471-481
The present study examined the validity of a self-report parenting instrument for use with Mexican adolescents. The 13-item measure was adapted from the Mexican Parenting Questionnaire. The sample included 1123 adolescents (M age?=?15.07, SD?=?1.52) from Puebla, Mexico. Adolescents self-reported on six subscales of parenting (i.e., affection, verbal guidance, monitoring, communication, physical punishment and verbal punishment), as well as on measures of school grades, life satisfaction, familism, depressive and anxiety symptoms. Using confirmatory factor analyses, the original constructs were found to be a good fit with the data. Most subscales consisted of moderate levels of internal consistency and predicted several measures of adolescent adjustment in expected directions. Girls were more likely to report higher levels of monitoring, affection, and communication than boys. Adolescents who were younger and who reported lower school grades were more likely to report greater levels of physical punishment. Familism was positively associated with five of the six parenting dimensions (i.e., affection, verbal guidance, monitoring, physical punishment, and communication). Findings advance understanding on families and adolescent well-being in Mexico and may inform culturally competent services for clinicians who work with Mexican families. 相似文献