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161.
Experiments were conducted to contrast the predictions from exemplar models and rule-based decisionboundary models of perceptual
classification. Observers classified multidimensional stimuli into categories that could be described in terms of easily verbalized
logical rules. The critical manipulation was that some pairs of stimuli received probabilistic feedback, whereas other control
pairs received deterministic feedback. Despite the probabilistic feedback, the probabilistic pairs and the deterministic pairs
were the same distance from idealobserver, rule-based decision boundaries. Across two experiments with varying category structures,
observers classified the probabilistic pairs with slower response times (RTs) and lower accuracies than the comparison deterministic
pairs. The effects were relatively long term, extending into test blocks in which all feedback was withheld. The results were
as predicted by exemplar models, but challenged models that posit that RT is a function solely of the distance of a stimulus
from rule-based boundaries. The studies add considerable generality to previous ones and suggest that, even in domains involving
rule-based category structures, exemplar-retrieval processes play a significant role. Supplemental materials related to this
article may be downloaded from http:// mc.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
162.
Cynthia M. Hartung Elizabeth K. Lefler Ashley B. Tempel Monica L. Armendariz Benjamin A. Sigel Carolyn S. Little 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(1):128-137
Halo effects in the assessment of ADHD and ODD were examined. Participants were 159 undergraduate college students who rated
children described as showing disruptive behaviors. Bidirectional halo effects were found. Specifically, the presence of oppositionality
artificially inflated ratings of inattention and hyperactivity, and the combined presence of inattention and hyperactivity
artificially inflated ratings of oppositionality. Several specific items were found to be particularly susceptible to halo
effects. Due to these halo effects caution should be exercised when diagnosing multiple behavior disorders, especially with
items found to be particularly susceptible. Clinical interviews conducted by mental health professionals may help distinguish
between the true presence of multiple disorders and halo effects based on ratings. Future research should determine whether
structured interviews conducted by mental health professionals are less susceptible to halo effects than rating scales. 相似文献
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166.
40 incarcerated DWI offenders and 62 drug offenders who were treated with Moral Reconation Therapy were assessed with respect to levels of moral reasoning, their perceived purpose in life, and subsequent recidivism. Analysis showed that, as clients progress in the program, levels of moral reasoning and purpose in life increase significantly. Level of moral reasoning appears to increase with clients' completion of therapeutic steps. Preliminary recidivism data on 103 male and female inmate-clients who have participated in an aftercare program using the therapy appear encouraging. 相似文献
167.
This article addresses the relationship between religious affiliation and a very specific form of firearms ownership, that is, handgun ownership. Literature is reviewed relative to explanations of gun ownership. A test of the hypothesized relationship between religious affiliation and handgun ownership demonstrated a statistically significant ( p < 0.03) association. Protestants were found to have a disproportionately high level of handgun ownership compared to other religious groups. Speculation for this finding is reviewed relative to other recent research on this topic. 相似文献
168.
Inclusion and particularly full inclusion has become a hotly debated topic. While proponents of inclusion believe that social, behavioral, academic, and developmental benefits occur for children with disabilities as well as for other, nondisabled, children in the classroom, research into inclusion provides equivocal results. This paper (a) describes inclusion, highlighting the inconsistencies in definitions and research; (b) discusses the importance of social validity in making inclusion decisions; and (c) presents an approach to inclusion using Functional Outcome Analysis (Noell & Gresham, 1993). While inclusion may be philosophically desirable, the research does not support its application as an all-inclusive approach. Inclusion decisions must be made on a case-by-case basis after a functional analysis of the student's behavior has been conducted. 相似文献
169.
Margaret Olivia Little 《Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal》1996,6(4):392-396
Given the complex and dramatic array of issues currently facing us in reproductive ethics, bioethicists working on the topic might be forgiven feelings of trepidation when they cast their minds toward the next century. Currently, technologies such as artificial insemination by donor (AID), once the source of intense controversy, are used on a routine basis; mainstream newspapers carry advertisements offering "excellent compensation" to ova "donors;" courts are arguing whether women who serve as gestational or "surrogate" mothers have any parental rights; and proposals resurface to jail pregnant women who take street drugs. Sorting out which developments are to be welcomed and which are to be resisted -- and why -- will require us not only to clarify some of our most basic value commitments, but also to reflect on our understanding of concepts, such as motherhood, that we previously had the luxury of thinking obvious. Let me highlight two issues I think we will be forced to confront as we try to navigate the ethics of reproduction into the twenty-first century -- namely, the value of biological connection and the meaning of motherhood. 相似文献
170.