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831.
The authors tested the effects of cues to action--messages intended to increase flu immunizations. North Dakota counties were randomly assigned to reminder letters, action letters, or no letters. Within the reminder-letter counties, Medicare recipients received either (a) a reminder from the state peer review organization (PRO) to obtain a flu shot or (b) a reminder from the PRO, framed either in terms of the loss associated with failing to get a shot or (c) the benefits associated with getting a shot. Within the action-letter counties, Medicare recipients leaned where and when to receive a flu shot. Reminder type failed to differentially affect the immunization rate (overall M = 24.5%). However, the action messages worked better (28.2%) than no message (19.6%). 相似文献
832.
Jordan Nunan Ian Stanier Rebecca Milne Andrea Shawyer Dave Walsh 《Applied cognitive psychology》2020,34(6):1473-1484
Law Enforcement Agencies gather intelligence in order to prevent criminal activity and pursue criminals. In the context of human intelligence collection, intelligence elicitation relies heavily upon the deployment of appropriate evidence-based interviewing techniques (a topic rarely covered in the extant research literature). The present research gained unprecedented access to audio recorded telephone interactions (N = 105) between Source Handlers and Covert Human Intelligence Sources (CHIS) from England and Wales. The research explored the mean use of various question types per interaction and across all questions asked in the sample, as well as comparing the intelligence yield for appropriate and inappropriate questions. Source Handlers were found to utilise vastly more appropriate questions than inappropriate questions, though they rarely used open-ended questions. Across the total interactions, appropriate questions (by far) were associated with the gathering of much of the total intelligence yield. Implications for practise are discussed. 相似文献
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Brent A. Scott Anna C. Lennard Rebecca L. Mitchell Russell E. Johnson 《Personnel Psychology》2020,73(4):587-613
The emotion regulation literature has focused primarily on comparing the methods of surface acting and deep acting, yet scholars have also noted the importance of naturally felt emotions as a means for achieving a desired emotional display. The literature has also mainly examined positive displays, yet there are many situations that call for the display of negative emotions. To advance theory and research, we draw from theory on central principles of approach/avoidance motivation to understand why an individual would choose a given emotional display method, as well as the extent to which a given method is beneficial versus harmful to individuals. In doing so, we identify the valence of the emotion being displayed as a critical factor influencing the benefits and detriments of emotional display methods. Results of a 3-week experience-sampling study of 218 employees revealed that mood was associated with the natural display of positive emotion, promotion focus was associated with deep acting, and prevention focus was associated with surface acting. In positive display contexts, displaying emotion naturally was most beneficial (in terms of effects on emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction, and work withdrawal), whereas surface acting was most detrimental. In negative contexts, this relationship pattern was reversed. 相似文献
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836.
Understanding the dynamics of memory change is one of the current challenges facing cognitive neuroscience. Recent animal work on memory reconsolidation shows that memories can be altered long after acquisition. When reactivated, memories can be modified and require a restabilization (reconsolidation) process. We recently extended this finding to human episodic memory by showing that memory reactivation mediates the incorporation of new information into existing memory. Here we show that the spatial context plays a unique role for this type of memory updating: Being in the same spatial context during original and new learning is both necessary and sufficient for the incorporation of new information into existing episodic memories. Memories are automatically reactivated when subjects return to an original learning context, where updating by incorporating new contents can occur. However, when in a novel context, updating of existing memories does not occur, and a new episodic memory is created instead. 相似文献
837.
Michael VanElzakker Rebecca D. Fevurly Tressa Breindel Robert L. Spencer 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2008,15(12):899-908
If the hippocampus plays a role in the detection of novel environmental features, then novelty should be associated with altered hippocampal neural activity and perhaps also measures of neuroplasticity. We examined Fos protein expression within subregions of rat hippocampal formation as an indicator of recent increases in neuronal excitation and cellular processes that support neuroplasticity. Environmental novelty, but not environmental complexity, led to a selective increase of Fos induction in the final “output” subregion of the dorsal hippocampal trisynaptic circuit (CA1) and a primary projection site (layer five of the lateral entorhinal cortex, ERC), as well as in the perirhinal cortex. There was no selective effect of novelty on Fos expression within “input” elements of the trisynaptic circuit (ERC layer two, the dentate gyrus or CA3) or other comparison brain regions that may be responsive to overall motor-sensory activity or anxiety levels (primary somatosensory and motor cortex or hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus). Test session ambulatory behavior increased with both novelty and environmental complexity and was not significantly correlated with Fos expression patterns in any of the brain regions examined. In contrast, the extent of manipulated environmental novelty was strongly correlated with Fos expression in CA1. These results support the prospect that a novelty-associated signal is generated within hippocampal neurocircuitry, is relayed to cortical projection sites, and specifically up-regulates neuroplasticity-supporting processes with dorsal hippocampal CA1 and ERC layer five. Whether novelty-dependent Fos induction in perirhinal cortex depends on this hippocampal output or reflects an independent process remains to be determined.The hippocampus appears to play an essential role in the encoding of configural and temporal relationships between experiential elements thereby supporting memory for environmental contexts and discrete episodes (Rudy and Sutherland 1995). A related hypothesis is that the hippocampus serves as a functional comparator of present and past (stored) experience, and consequently directs attention and mnemonic processes to the novel aspects of present experience (Margulies 1985; Otto and Eichenbaum 1992; Knight 1996; Mizumori et al. 1999; Moser and Paulsen 2001; Vinogradova 2001; Fyhn et al. 2002; Norman and O''Reilly 2003). A comparator capability of the hippocampus seems plausible given the converging parallel neural pathways by which multimodal sensory information is presented to the hippocampus. The entorhinal cortex serves as an anatomical gateway through which the majority of cortically processed information is presented to the hippocampus. This cortical information is relayed directly (via monosynaptic connections) to CA1 neurons (originating primarily from layer three of the entorhinal cortex) or to CA3 neurons (originating primarily from layer two of the entorhinal cortex) (Steward and Scoville 1976; Remondes and Schuman 2004; Witter and Amaral 2004). In addition, CA1 neurons are presented with cortical information (originating primarily from layer two of the entorhinal cortex) that has first been processed by the dentate gyrus and CA3, via the serial connections of the hippocampal formation trisynaptic circuit (Andersen et al. 1971). Although both CA1 and CA3 neurons receive direct and indirect neural input from entorhinal cortex, several hippocampal-circuit models propose that CA1 neurons have unique access to both past (stored) and ongoing experiential neural patterns (Hasselmo and Schnell 1994; Moser and Paulsen 2001; Norman and O''Reilly 2003). Alternatively, other models posit an important role of CA3 neurons (Mizumori et al. 1999; Vinogradova 2001; Lee et al. 2005a) and/or dentate gyrus granule cells (Meeter et al. 2004; Lee et al. 2005a) in the detection of novel features of experience.Implicit in these models of hippocampal function is the assumption that the hippocampus is engaged differently when presented with novel versus familiar stimuli patterns. There is some evidence for experience-dependent differences in rodent hippocampal activity that are manifest by electrophysiological differences in individual or ensemble neuronal activity patterns (Otto and Eichenbaum 1992; Fyhn et al. 2002; Nitz and McNaughton 2004). Neuroimaging studies in humans have detected increased fMRI activity in the hippocampal region during encoding of novel visual stimuli (Stern et al. 1996; Johnson et al. 2008). Moreover, humans with hippocampal damage exhibit altered event-related potentials in response to novel stimuli (Knight 1996).Hippocampal activity that varies with the novelty of an experience may be important for guiding ongoing behavior (e.g., exploratory behavior and vigilance), and if so, should also produce detectable differences in activity of hippocampal efferents. In addition, detection of novelty may be important for altering neuroplastic processes within components of the hippocampus. The goal of our study was to examine across hippocampal formation subregions the levels of a cellular marker of neural activity and neuroplasticity (Fos expression) associated with environmental experiences that vary in novelty and complexity. The expression of the protein product, Fos, of the immediate early gene, c-fos, may be a good molecular indicator of recent increases in general molecular changes that contribute to neuroplasticity. Expression of Fos reflects an intracellular state of cells that varies primarily as a result of recent activation by intercellular signals (e.g., neurotransmitters, hormones, paracrine factors, and adhesion molecules) (Herdegen and Leah 1998). Hippocampal Fos expression is associated with recent increases in neuronal firing, although apparently in a complex fashion (Labiner et al. 1993). Increases in hippocampal Fos is also believed to be an important mediator of activity-dependent neuroplasticity (Sheng and Greenberg 1990).In our study we examined the number of Fos immunopositive cells in the dentate gyrus, subregions of the hippocampus (CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4), and layers two and five of the lateral entorhinal cortex. In addition, we examined Fos immunoreactivity in the perirhinal cortex. There is accumulating support for this brain region to play a role in the detection of novel stimuli in a configuration independent manner (Brown and Aggleton 2001; Kumaran and Maguire 2007). For comparison purposes, we also examined Fos expression patterns in primary somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex, and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Fos expression levels in the somatosensory and motor cortex may reflect the varying amounts of somatosensation and motor activity present during the experimental test-day experiences. Fos expression levels in the PVN may reflect the varying amounts of test-day stress and anxiety associated with the different treatment conditions.Several other rat studies have examined the relationship between stimuli novelty (e.g., visual images, extramaze environmental cues, or new learning tasks) and Fos expression in the hippocampus (Hess et al. 1995a; Wan et al. 1999; Vann et al. 2000). Whereas those other studies utilized tasks that had a training phase and operant reward component, our study examined Fos expression in rats placed in a novel or familiar environment with no training components or operant contingencies. The pattern of Fos expression associated with unrewarded exploratory behavior may better reflect the extent to which novelty and complexity differentially and automatically engage the hippocampus than does the pattern of Fos expression associated with various learning regimens and their particular task demands (Kumaran and Maguire 2007). 相似文献
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839.
840.
Rebecca Morrison Rory C. O'Connor 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2008,99(2):191-209
This experimental study examines the relationship between rumination and attentional bias. Additionally, the study aims to determine, within a diathesis‐stress framework, whether rumination or attentional bias (or both) can prospectively predict psychological distress. Eighty‐one participants completed selected measures of rumination and psychological distress at time one, in addition to experimental manipulations of rumination and mood, and measures of mood and attentional bias at time two. Seventy‐three participants (90% follow‐up) completed final measures of stress and psychological distress approximately 3 weeks later. In combination with negative mood, inducing rumination decreased positive attentional bias, whilst inducing distraction increased positive attentional bias. Rumination and stress interacted to predict change in psychological distress. Negative attentional bias showed a trend towards interacting with rumination and stress to predict dysphoria. The findings supported the proposed diathesis‐stress models. In addition, a causal relationship between rumination and positive attentional bias has been empirically established for the first time. 相似文献