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981.
Carolyn R. Fallahi Carol Shaw Austad Lisa L. Leishman Michael Gendron Rebecca M. Wood 《Sex roles》2009,60(3-4):261-268
We examined gender stereotypes and perceptions of aggression in 743 US psychology students at a northeastern university in the USA. Participants rated a vignette depicting torture of an Iraqi prisoner by an American soldier in which the gender of prisoner and guard were varied. The results showed that female participants viewed torture more negatively than male participants. Additionally, participants perceived the torture and killing of a female prisoner warranted significant compensation to her family. However, participants perceived violent acts by a male guard to be as serious as for a female guard, suggesting a shift in perceptions of gender role stereotypes. Our findings demonstrate a change in the gender role stereotyping for females in the military and suggest a number of future studies. 相似文献
982.
Rebecca M. Wood 《Infant and child development》2009,18(2):163-177
Acoustics and distress ratings were examined during four minutes of naturally occurring crying from 20 healthy, 1‐month‐old infants. Two listeners made continuous judgements of infant distress during every 10‐s segment of each cry sample. Dysphonation, number of wails, and pause duration were related to distress ratings across the 4 min of crying. Means and variances of ratings and acoustics, and the predictive value of each acoustic variable to ratings, differed in the first and second halves of the samples. Differences in the pattern of results occurred for individual infants. The results highlight the importance of studying the cry as a dynamic acoustic signal that may provide unique information about an individual infant's level of distress. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
983.
Rebecca R. Wilson Mark Blades Mike Coleman Olivier Pascalis 《Infant and child development》2009,18(6):545-555
We investigated unfamiliar face recognition in low‐functioning children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) using a ‘part‐of‐face’ method. This method has not previously been used for unfamiliar faces with this population. The ‘part‐of‐face’ procedure provides measures of both face recognition accuracy and of processing style. We compared the performance of the children with ASD with three control groups: children with developmental delay (DD), typically developing (TD) children matched for verbal cognitive ability and TD children matched for chronological age (CA). Compared to the DD group, the ASD group showed similar processing in recognition accuracy and processing style. Compared to the TD children, the ASD group did not show the same level of accuracy as controls of the same CA, instead showing similar performance to younger TD children. However, as both children with ASD and DD showed the same performance, no ASD‐specific deficit was found. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
984.
John G Scott Rebecca G Scott William L Miller Kurt C Stange Benjamin F Crabtree 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2009,4(1):11-9
The dominant unspoken philosophical basis of medical care in the United States is a form of Cartesian reductionism that views
the body as a machine and medical professionals as technicians whose job is to repair that machine. The purpose of this paper
is to advocate for an alternative philosophy of medicine based on the concept of healing relationships between clinicians
and patients. This is accomplished first by exploring the ethical and philosophical work of Pellegrino and Thomasma and then
by connecting Martin Buber's philosophical work on the nature of relationships to an empirically derived model of the medical
healing relationship. The Healing Relationship Model was developed by the authors through qualitative analysis of interviews
of physicians and patients. Clinician-patient healing relationships are a special form of what Buber calls I-Thou relationships, characterized by dialog and mutuality, but a mutuality limited by the inherent asymmetry of the clinician-patient
relationship. The Healing Relationship Model identifies three processes necessary for such relationships to develop and be
sustained: Valuing, Appreciating Power and Abiding. We explore in detail how these processes, as well as other components
of the model resonate with Buber's concepts of I-Thou and I-It relationships. The resulting combined conceptual model illuminates the wholeness underlying the dual roles of clinicians
as healers and providers of technical biomedicine. On the basis of our analysis, we argue that health care should be focused
on healing, with I-Thou relationships at its core. 相似文献
985.
Holly C. Miller Cassie D. Gipson Aubrey Vaughan Rebecca Rayburn-Reeves Thomas R. Zentall 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(1):150-155
Dogs were tested for object permanence using an invisible displacement in which an object was hidden in one of two containers
at either end of a beam and the beam was rotated. Consistent with earlier research, when the beam was rotated 180°, the dogs
failed to find the object. However, when the beam was rotated only 90°, they were successful. Furthermore, when the dogs were
led either 90° or 180° around the apparatus, they were also successful. In a control condition, when the dogs could not see
the direction of the 90° rotation, they failed to find the object. The results suggest that the 180° rotation may produce
an interfering context that can be reduced by rotating the apparatus only 90° or by changing the dogs’ perspective. Once the
conflict is eliminated, dogs show evidence of object permanence that includes invisibly displaced objects. 相似文献
986.
Tatiana Cury Pollo Brett Kessler Rebecca Treiman 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,(4):410-426
Many theories of spelling development claim that before children begin to spell phonologically, their spellings are random strings of letters. We evaluated this idea by testing young children (mean age = 4 years 9 months) in Brazil and the United States and selecting a group of prephonological spellers. The spellings of this prephonological group showed a number of patterns that reflected things such as the frequencies of letters and bigrams in children’s language. The prephonological spellers in the two countries produced spellings that differed in some respects, consistent with their exposure to different written languages. We found no evidence for reportedly universal patterns in early spelling such as the idea that children write one letter for each syllable. Overall, our results reveal that early spellings that are not phonological are by no means random or universal and preserve certain patterns in the writing to which children have been exposed. 相似文献
987.
Rebecca Jo Plant 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》2009,45(1):66-67
988.
Rebecca Saxe 《Philosophical Studies》2009,144(3):447-456
Simulation theory accounts of mind-reading propose that the observer generates a mental state that matches the state of the
target and then uses this state as the basis for an attribution of a similar state to the target. The key proposal is thus
that mechanisms that are primarily used online, when a person experiences a kind of mental state, are then co-opted to run
Simulations of similar states in another person. Here I consider the neuroscientific evidence for this view. I argue that
there is substantial evidence for co-opted mechanisms, leading from one individual’s mental state to a matching state in an
observer, but there is no evidence that the output of these co-opted mechanisms serve as the basis for mental state attributions.
There is also substantial evidence for attribution mechanisms that serve as the basis for mental state attributions, but there
is no evidence that these mechanisms receive their input from co-opted mechanisms. 相似文献
989.
Katharine M. Putman Jeanette I. Lantz Cynthia L. Townsend Autumn M. Gallegos Amy A. Potts Rebecca C. Roberts Emily R. Cree Marina de Villagrán Cynthia B. Eriksson David W. Foy 《American journal of community psychology》2009,44(1-2):109-115
Indigenous aid workers carry out the majority of humanitarian aid work, yet there is little empirical information available on their support needs in different contexts. Focus groups (N = 26: Study 1) and a survey (N = 137; Study 2) were conducted with Guatemalan aid workers to explore their exposure to violence, posttraumatic stress symptoms, burnout, support needs, and motivators. Participants reported experiencing an average of 13 events of community violence and 17% reported symptoms consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Direct community violence exposure and levels of emotional exhaustion were positively related to PTSD symptoms, while levels of personal accomplishment were inversely related to PTSD symptoms. Expressed support needs, motivators and rewards for aid work in the face of adversity are also reported as potential protective factors for further exploration. Implications for training and support of aid workers in similar contexts are also suggested. 相似文献
990.
Rebecca Roman Hanrahan 《Philosophia》2009,37(2):281-306
David Chalmers supports his contention that there is a possible world populated by our zombie twins by arguing for the assumption
that conceivability entails possibility. But, I argue, the modal epistemology he sets forth, ‘modal rationalism,’ ignores
the problem of incompleteness and relies on an idealized notion of conceivability. As a consequence, this epistemology can’t
justify our quotidian judgments of possibility, let alone those judgments that concern the mind/body connection. Working from
the analogy that the imagination is to the possible as perception is to the actual, I set forth a competing epistemology,
‘modal empiricism.’ This epistemology survives the incompleteness objection and allows some of our everyday modal judgments
to be justified. But this epistemology can’t justify the claim that Zombie World is possible, which leaves Chalmers’s property
dualism without the support it needs.
相似文献
Rebecca Roman HanrahanEmail: |