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991.
Ronald D. Taylor Elizabeth I. Lopez Mia Budescu Rebecca Kang McGill 《Journal of child and family studies》2012,21(3):474-485
Association of socially demanding kin relations, mother’s emotional support, behavioral control/monitoring, family organization
and psychological control with adolescent’s internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed in 200 economically disadvantaged,
African American mothers and adolescents. Demanding kin relations and mother’s psychological control were positively associated
with adolescent’s internalizing problems. Demanding kin relations also moderated the association of control/monitoring, family
organization, and psychological control, with internalizing. For mothers with more demanding kin relations, increased control/monitoring
was associated with increased adolescent internalizing. In comparison, increased control/monitoring was associated with decreased
adolescent internalizing for mothers with less demanding kin relations. Negative association of family organization with internalizing
was more apparent for mothers with more compared to less demanding kin relations. Positive association of mother’s psychological
control with internalizing was more apparent for mothers with more compared to less socially demanding kin relations. Demanding
kin relations and mother’s psychological control were positively associated with adolescent’s externalizing problems. Mother’s
emotional support and family organization were negatively associated with externalizing. Also, negative association of family
organization with externalizing was more apparent for families with more compared to less demanding kin relations. The need
for research on the factors associated with negative relation with kin was discussed. 相似文献
992.
993.
Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) use positive, but not negative, auditory cues to infer food location
Nonhuman primates appear to capitalize more effectively on visual cues than corresponding auditory versions. For example,
studies of inferential reasoning have shown that monkeys and apes readily respond to seeing that food is present (“positive”
cuing) or absent (“negative” cuing). Performance is markedly less effective with auditory cues, with many subjects failing
to use this input. Extending recent work, we tested eight captive tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) in locating food using positive and negative cues in visual and auditory domains. The monkeys chose between two opaque cups
to receive food contained in one of them. Cup contents were either shown or shaken, providing location cues from both cups,
positive cues only from the baited cup, or negative cues from the empty cup. As in previous work, subjects readily used both
positive and negative visual cues to secure reward. However, auditory outcomes were both similar to and different from those
of earlier studies. Specifically, all subjects came to exploit positive auditory cues, but none responded to negative versions.
The animals were also clearly different in visual versus auditory performance. Results indicate that a significant proportion
of capuchins may be able to use positive auditory cues, with experience and learning likely playing a critical role. These
findings raise the possibility that experience may be significant in visually based performance in this task as well, and
highlight that coming to grips with evident differences between visual versus auditory processing may be important for understanding
primate cognition more generally. 相似文献
994.
Luciana T.G. Ávila Suzete Chiviacowsky Gabriele Wulf Rebecca Lewthwaite 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2012,13(6):849-853
ObjectivesThe present study investigated the influence of social-comparative feedback on the learning of a throwing task in 10-year-old children.DesignTwo-group experimental design, including a practice phase and retention test.MethodBoth groups of participants, a positive social-comparative feedback and a control group, received veridical feedback about their performance (accuracy score) after each practice trial. In addition, after each block of 10 trials, the positive feedback group was given bogus feedback suggesting that their own performance was better than that of a peer group's on that block. One day after the practice phase, a retention test without (veridical or social-comparative) feedback was performed to assess learning effects as a function of feedback.ResultsThe positive feedback group demonstrated greater throwing accuracy than the control group on the retention test. In addition, questionnaire results indicated that this group scored higher in terms of perceived competence than the control group.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that feedback can have an important motivational function that affects the learning of motor skills in children. 相似文献
995.
The development of executive functions in the preschool years is not fully understood. Although there exists a large body of research investigating the maturation of executive functioning in school‐aged children, little is known about the emergence of such skills, in particular inhibition, among preschool‐aged children. Understanding developmental changes of inhibition proficiencies and deficiencies early in childhood is important for charting typical and atypical developmental trajectories. Using an adapted computerized paradigm, the present study examined age‐related changes in visual and auditory inhibition in 68 typically developing children aged 3 to 6 years. The results indicated that although similar age‐related gains in performance occurred across both visual and auditory inhibition tasks, certain modality‐specific differences emerged in terms of accuracy and reaction time. These results suggest that the newly adapted measures used are sensitive enough to capture developmental variations in inhibition. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
996.
This paper uses concepts of emotion work and emotional labour to explore people’s experiences of the long-term disaster recovery process. It draws on data taken from two qualitative research projects which looked at adults’ and children’s recovery from the floods of June 2007 in Hull, UK. The paper argues that the emotional work of recovery cannot be separated from the physical and practical work of recovering the built environment. It shows that a focus on emotion work can lead to a more nuanced understanding of what recovery actually means and who is involved, leading to the identification of hidden vulnerabilities and a better understanding of the longer timescales involved in the process. 相似文献
997.
Jeffrey M. Rogers Alison M. Fox 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2012,8(4):281-291
Practice can change the nature and quality of a stimulus-response relationship.
The current study observed the effects of repeated administration of the Paced
Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) in 12 healthy individuals, in an effort to
establish distinct profiles associated with novel and practiced processing. Over
four training sessions the mean number of correct responses on this demanding
test of attention significantly improved and was approaching ceiling for most
task conditions. Behavioural improvements were associated with significantly
reduced amplitude of late Processing Negativity, a frontally distributed
component of the event-related potential waveform associated with voluntary,
limited-capacity activity within higher-order attentional systems. These results
suggest that PASAT performance became more efficient as practice seemingly eased
the strategic planning and coordination requirements the task places on
frontally-mediated executive attention resources. The findings of the current
study extend our understanding of the functional and behavioural mechanisms
underlying the effects of practice. 相似文献
998.
Language has been shown to play a key role in the development of a child's theory of mind, but its role in adult belief reasoning remains unclear. One recent study used verbal and nonverbal interference during a false-belief task to show that accurate belief reasoning in adults necessarily requires language (Newton & de Villiers, 2007). The strength of this inference depends on the cognitive processes that are matched between the verbal and nonverbal inference tasks. Here, we matched the two interference tasks in terms of their effects on spatial working memory. We found equal success on false-belief reasoning during both verbal and nonverbal interference, suggesting that language is not specifically necessary for adult theory of mind. 相似文献
999.
Research has examined differences between psychologists and psychiatrists in opinions on trial competency and criminal responsibility, but there is little research on such differences in risk assessment. This study examined the impact of disciplinary affiliation on opinions regarding whether new insanity acquittees should be hospitalized or released, and the risk factors given the most weight by each discipline. There was no significant difference between disciplines in the frequency of recommendations for hospitalization versus release. However, the concordance rate at the individual case level was only moderate when controlling for chance, which raises questions about the reliability and validity of forensic risk assessments in real-world settings. A number of variables emerged as significant in the decision-making of each discipline, with some differences noted. 相似文献
1000.
Padraig O'Morain Garrett J. McAuliffe Kayte Conroy Jennifer M. Johnson Rebecca E. Michel 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2012,90(3):367-372
Counseling in Ireland has experienced rapid growth in the past 30 years. Public attitudes toward counseling have become more positive, especially with the increasing secularization of a once strongly religious Catholic society. Licensure is nonexistent but there are certification bodies that attempt to ensure qualified practice. There is no third‐party payment, so access to counseling for impoverished individuals is a problem. Training programs are quite varied. Efforts are being made to standardize training and to develop licensure requirements. 相似文献