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981.
Liederman J Frye R Fisher JM Greenwood K Alexander R 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2005,12(2):380-386
Across three experiments, voice onset time discrimination along a /ba/-/pa/ continuum was found to be influenced by the order
of presentation of rapidly successive stimuli. Specifically, discrimination was disrupted when a relatively unambiguous /pa/
syllable was presented before, rather than after, a more ambiguous /pa/ or /ba/ syllable. In Experiments 1 and 2, for between-category
discrimination, this order effect was significant at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) below 250 msec, but not at 250 or 1,000
msec. In Experiments 2 and 3, the order effect was also significant for within-category discrimination at ISIs below 250 msec.
In addition, in Experiment 3 this order effect was not diminished by provision of performance feedback across eight testing
sessions. These findings reveal a particular vulnerability of phonological processing in response to rapidly successive stimuli
and may have implications for mathematical and neural models of speech processing of normal and impaired populations. 相似文献
982.
LaGasse LL Neal AR Lester BM 《Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews》2005,11(1):83-93
Infant crying signals distress to potential caretakers who can alleviate the aversive conditions that gave rise to the cry. The cry signal results from coordination among several brain regions that control respiration and vocal cord vibration from which the cry sounds are produced. Previous work has shown a relationship between acoustic characteristics of the cry and diagnoses related to neurological damage, SIDS, prematurity, medical conditions, and substance exposure during pregnancy. Thus, assessment of infant cry provides a window into the neurological and medical status of the infant. Assessment of infant cry is brief and noninvasive and requires recording equipment and a standardized stimulus to elicit a pain cry. The typical protocol involves 30 seconds of crying from a single application of the stimulus. The recorded cry is submitted to an automated computer analysis system that digitizes the cry and either presents a digital spectrogram of the cry or calculates measures of cry characteristics. The most common interpretation of cry measures is based on deviations from typical cry characteristics. Another approach evaluates the pattern across cry characteristics suggesting arousal or under-arousal or difficult temperament. Infants with abnormal cries should be referred for a full neurological evaluation. The second function of crying--to elicit caretaking--involves parent perception of the infant's needs. Typically, parents are sensitive to deviations in cry characteristics, but their perception can be altered by factors in themselves (e.g., depression) or in the context (e.g., culture). The potential for cry assessment is largely untapped. Infant crying and parental response is the first language of the new dyadic relationship. Deviations in the signal and/or misunderstanding the message can compromise infant care, parental effectiveness, and undermine the budding relationship. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:83-93. 相似文献
983.
Sandak R Mencl WE Frost SJ Rueckl JG Katz L Moore DL Mason SA Fulbright RK Constable RT Pugh KR 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2004,4(1):67-88
fMRI was used to investigate the separate influences of orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing on the ability
to learn new words and the cortical circuitry recruited to subsequently read those words. In a behavioral session, subjects
acquired familiarity for three sets of pseudowords, attending to orthographic, phonological, or (learned) semantic features.
Transfer effects were measured in an event-related fMRI session as the subjects named trained pseudowords, untrained pseudowords,
and real words. Behaviorally, phonological and semantic training resulted in better learning than did orthographic training.
Neurobiologically, orthographic training did not modulate activation in the main reading regions. Phonological and semantic
training yielded equivalent behavioral facilitation but distinct functional activation patterns, suggesting that the learning
resulting from these two training conditions was driven by different underlying processes. The findings indicate that the
putative ventral visual word form area is sensitive to the phonological structure of words, with phonologically analytic processing
contributing to the specialization of this region. 相似文献
984.
Posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in a college population one year after the September 11 attacks: the effect of proximity 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
As a follow-up to our earlier report [Behav. Res. Ther., in press] on the level of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), depressive symptoms, and frequency of diagnoses of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among college students at three public universities (Albany, NY, Augusta, GA, and Fargo, ND) resulting from the September 11, 2001. Terrorist attacks, we surveyed comparable groups of students (total, n = 1313) from these three institutions in the weeks following the first anniversary (2002) of the attacks. We found proximity effects (Albany higher than Augusta which was higher than Fargo) for PTSS and depressive symptoms but not for frequency of diagnoses of probable PTSD. Within the Albany site data, proximity of county of residence to New York City (NYC) also showed a proximity effect on PTSS. Although depressive symptoms were significantly different in 2002 versus 2001, the arithmetic differences in PTSS or in frequency of diagnoses of probable PTSD were not significant. The September 11 attacks continued to exert a psychic toll on college students even a year later. 相似文献
985.
De Cremer D 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2004,30(3):293-304
The present research examined the combined effect of accuracy of procedures and leader's bias on fairness judgments and the experience of positive emotions. The results of two studies showed that the strongest positive effects on both types of reactions were found when procedures were accurate and the leader was unbiased. In addition, accuracy of procedures only revealed an impact when the leader was perceived as unbiased rather than biased. Moreover, this interactive effect was found to be mediated, at least partly, by perceptions of trustworthiness. These findings show that more research is needed on examining different types of procedural fairness, both as single and combined predictors of people's reactions. 相似文献
986.
De Houwer J 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2004,11(1):49-53
Recent studies have shown that spatial Simon effects can be modulated by short-term associations that are set up as a result
of task instructions. I examined whether spatial Simon effects can also be produced by short-term associations even when the
responses are unrelated to spatial position. Participants were to say “cale” or “cole” on the basis of the direction of arrows
(i.e., left or right), the meaning of words (i.e.,left orright), and the color of squares presented left or right of the screen center. Responses to squares were faster when the correct
response was associated with the same position as the irrelevant position of the square (e.g., say “cale” to a square on the
left when “cale” was assigned to the wordleft and the left arrow). This new type of stimulus-response compatibility effect provides the first evidence for short-term associations
that involve mode-independent representations. 相似文献
987.
Coordinate high-frequency pattern of stimulation and calcium levels control the induction of LTP in striatal cholinergic interneurons 下载免费PDF全文
Bonsi P De Persis C Calabresi P Bernardi G Pisani A 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2004,11(6):755-760
Current evidence appoints a central role to cholinergic interneurons in modulating striatal function. Recently, a long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission has been reported to occur in these neurons. The relationship between the pattern of cortico/thalamostriatal fibers stimulation, the consequent changes in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), and the induction of synaptic plasticity was investigated in striatal cholinergic interneurons from a rat corticostriatal slice preparation by means of combined electrophysiological intracellular recordings and microfluorometric techniques. Different protocols of stimulation were considered, varying both the frequency and the duration of the train of stimuli. High-frequency stimulation (HFS) (three trains at 100 Hz for 3 sec, 20-sec interval) induced a rise in [Ca2+]i, exceeding by fivefold the resting level, and caused a LTP of synaptic transmission. Tetanic stimulation delivered at lower frequencies (5-30 Hz) failed to induce long-term changes of synaptic efficacy. The observed elevation in [Ca2+]i during HFS was primarily mediated by L-type high-voltage activated (HVA)-Ca2+ channels, as it was fully prevented by nifedipine. Conversely, blockade of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptor did not affect either LTP or the magnitude of the [Ca2+]i rise. Interestingly, the pharmacological analysis of the post-tetanic depolarizing postsynaptic potential (DPSP) revealed that LTP was attributable, to a large extent, to the potentiation of the GABA(A)-mediated component. In conclusion, the expression of LTP in striatal cholinergic interneurons is a selective response to a precise stimulation pattern of induction requiring a critical rise in [Ca2+]i. 相似文献
988.
De Lillo C 《Brain and cognition》2004,55(3):415-426
Structure was imposed on a tapping task by requiring participants to reproduce sequences of responses to icons organised in spatial clusters. A first experiment featured sequences either segregated or not segregated by clusters. Accuracy was higher for sequences segregated by clusters. Moreover, inter-response times were longer at cluster boundaries than within cluster boundaries. To rule out possible confounding effects of movement length, this temporal pattern was replicated in a second experiment requiring a single response indicating the next sequential step, following the presentation of a portion of a previously practised sequence. These results suggest that sequence reproduction can be sustained by a hierarchical representation based on spatial proximity and provide a first indication of the role of spatial structure in serial-spatial memory. 相似文献
989.
Dube WV Macdonald RP Mansfield RC Holcomb WL Ahearn WH 《The Behavior analyst / MABA》2004,27(2):197-207
Joint attention (JA) initiation is defined in cognitive-developmental psychology as a child's actions that verify or produce simultaneous attending by that child and an adult to some object or event in the environment so that both may experience the object or event together. This paper presents a contingency analysis of gaze shift in JA initiation. The analysis describes reinforcer-establishing and evocative effects of antecedent objects or events, discriminative and conditioned reinforcing functions of stimuli generated by adult behavior, and socially mediated reinforcers that may maintain JA behavior. A functional analysis of JA may describe multiple operant classes. The paper concludes with a discussion of JA deficits in children with autism spectrum disorders and suggestions for research and treatment. 相似文献
990.
This study examined whether African American children's perceptions of occupational status and their own vocational interests are affected by racial segregation of the workforce. Children (N = 92) rated familiar occupations with respect to status, desirability, and stereotyping. Children also rated novel jobs that had been depicted with African Americans, European Americans, or both African and European Americans. As predicted, for familiar jobs, children's judgments were linked to their knowledge of racial segregation of these jobs. In addition, novel occupations that had been depicted with African Americans were judged as lower in status than the identical occupations that had been depicted with European Americans, demonstrating a causal influence of workers' race on children's judgments. Children's age and socioeconomic background moderated their occupational judgments. 相似文献