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261.
To assess whether emotional intelligence (EI) is related to self‐assessed relationship quality, an ability test of EI and measures of relationship quality were administered to 86 heterosexual couples in a university setting. Results indicated that female partners were significantly higher in EI than male partners and that EI scores were uncorrelated within couples. Two 2 × 2 multiple analyses of variance (performed separately for positive and negative outcomes) assessed how relationship quality measures differed across four different types of couples (high‐EI female/high‐EI male, low‐EI female/low‐EI male, etc.). As predicted, couples with both partners low on EI tended to have the lowest scores on depth, support, and positive relationship quality and the highest scores on conflict and negative relationship quality. Counter to our hypotheses, couples with both partners high on EI did not consistently have higher scores on positive outcomes and lower scores on negative outcomes than couples with one high‐EI partner. 相似文献
262.
Gordon B. Forbes Leah Adams-Curtis Rebecca L. Jobe Kay B. White Jessica Revak Ivanka Zivcic-Becirevic Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian 《Sex roles》2005,53(3-4):281-298
A study of body dissatisfaction, as measured by the Figure Rating Scale (Stunkard, Sorenson, & Schlusinger, 1983) and the
Body Esteem Scale (Franzoi & Shields, 1984), in 75 college women and their mothers indicated that both daughters and mothers
experienced body dissatisfaction. When body size was statistically controlled, either no difference was found between the
groups or daughters were found to have greater body dissatisfaction than mothers. The results supported the hypotheses that
(1) there are generational differences in body dissatisfaction, (2) both cohort and developmental effects contribute to these
differences, and (3) that a developmental effect (mothers' greater body size) may obscure a cohort effect (daughters' greater
exposure to the thin body ideal). Body dissatisfaction measures based on the mothers' retrospective ratings of how they felt
at their daughters' age were consistent with these hypotheses. Relationships between body dissatisfaction and the Sociocultural
Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire (Heinberg, Thompson, & Stormer, 1995) were stronger and more frequent for daughters
than for mothers and for the Internalization Scale than for the Awareness Scale. Relationships between the Ambivalent Sexism
Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 2001) and body dissatisfaction were stronger for mothers than for daughters and for Benevolent Sexism
than for Hostile Sexism. 相似文献
263.
Traumatic stress, perceived global stress, and life events: prospectively predicting quality of life in breast cancer patients. 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Deanna M Golden-Kreutz Lisa M Thornton Sharla Wells-Di Gregorio Georita M Frierson Heather S Jim Kristen M Carpenter Rebecca A Shelby Barbara L Andersen 《Health psychology》2005,24(3):288-296
The authors investigated the relationship between stress at initial cancer diagnosis and treatment and subsequent quality of life (QoL). Women (n = 112) randomized to the assessment-only arm of a clinical trial were initially assessed after breast cancer diagnosis and surgery and then reassessed at 4 months (during adjuvant treatment) and 12 months (postadjuvant treatment). There were 3 types of stress measured: number of stressful life events (K. A. Matthews et al., 1997), cancer-related traumatic stress symptoms (M. J. Horowitz, N. Wilner, & W. Alvarez, 1979), and perceived global stress (S. Cohen, T. Kamarck, & R. Mermelstein, 1983). Using hierarchical multiple regressions, the authors found that stress predicted both psychological and physical QoL (J. E. Ware, K. K. Snow, & M. Kosinski, 2000) at the follow-ups (all ps < .03). These findings substantiate the relationship between initial stress and later QoL and underscore the need for timely psychological intervention. 相似文献
264.
Three patterns of mutual intimate partner violence (IPV) are proposed, based on frequency and severity: Male primary perpetrator
(MPP), female primary perpetrator (FPP), and symmetrical (SYM). Patterns and effects of ethnicity were examined with 445 African
American, Euro-American, and Mexican American low-income women experiencing mutual IPV. More relationships were classified
as MPP (54%) than SYM (35%) or FPP (11%). Comparing women's and men's perpetration of several types of IPV (e.g., threats,
severe physical) indicated MPP-pattern women experienced all IPV types more often and were more likely to sustain injury than
their male partners. Fewer gender differences were found in the FPP pattern. Racial/ethnic groups were more similar than different;
previously reported differences may be explained by variation in socioeconomic status.
The larger part of the study was funded by grant R49/CCR610508 from the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, awarded to the third author. This article was also made possible by grant
2001-WT-BX-0504 from the National Institute of Justice awarded to the first and third authors. These agencies are not responsible
for the results. Portions of this paper were presented by the first and third authors at the International Family Violence
Conference in Portsmouth, NH, July, 2003. 相似文献
265.
Gender differences in play behavior are well documented. However, little work has examined the issue of variability of gender-typed behaviors within individuals or within genders. We investigated whether children's gender-typed toy play behavior is (a) variable across time within individuals, and (b) variable in response to exposure to counterstereotypic models. Extensive observations (N=203) were made of 8 highly gender-typed preschool children over 4 months. Variability was assessed by examining changes in the percentage of masculine and feminine toy play across successive days in which (a) gender neutral stories were read (within-individual variability) and (b) gender counterstereotypic stories were introduced (environmental variability). Variability of gender-typed play within individuals and in response to environmental stimuli was found among girls, but not among boys. 相似文献
266.
This study investigated the effects of gender and sex role orientation (masculinity and femininity) on attitudes toward seeking
professional psychological help in a sample of 163 student trainee teachers (52 males and 111 females) in Singapore. The mean
age of students was 25.39 years (SD = 3.80). ANOVAs revealed statistically significant main effects for gender and femininity on attitudes toward help-seeking.
Specifically, females were reported to have more positive overall attitudes toward professional help-seeking and were more
willing to recognize a personal need for professional help compared to males. Femininity significantly influenced students’
level of stigma tolerance. These findings suggest that both gender and sex role orientation play an independent role in influencing
help-seeking attitudes. In addition, these variables appear to have a differential impact on different aspects of helpseeking. 相似文献
267.
Maguire R Maguire P Keane MT 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2011,37(1):176-186
Surprise is often defined in terms of disconfirmed expectations, whereby the surprisingness of an event is thought to be dependent on the degree to which it contrasts with a more likely, or expected, outcome. The authors investigated the alternative hypothesis that surprise is more accurately modeled as a manifestation of an ongoing sense-making process. In a series of experiments, participants were given a number of scenarios and rated surprise and probability for various hypothetical outcomes that either confirmed or disconfirmed an expectation. Experiment 1 demonstrated that representational specificity influences the relationship that holds between surprise and probability ratings. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the inclusion of an enabling event lowers surprise ratings for disconfirming outcomes. Experiment 3 explored the reason for this effect, revealing that enabling events lower surprise by reducing uncertainty, thus enhancing ease of integration. Experiment 4 evaluated the contrast hypothesis directly, showing that differences in contrast are not correlated with differences in surprise. These results provide converging support for the view that the level of surprise experienced for an event is related to the difficulty of integrating that event with an existing representation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
268.
Raised-line drawings of familiar objects are very difficult to identify with active touch only. In contrast, haptically explored real 3-D objects are usually recognised efficiently, albeit slower and less accurately than with vision. Real 3-D objects have more depth information than outline drawings, but also extra information about identity (eg texture, hardness, temperature). Previous studies have not manipulated the availability of depth information in haptic object recognition whilst controlling for other information sources, so the importance of depth cues has not been assessed. In the present experiments, people named plastic small-scale models of familiar objects. Five versions of bilaterally symmetrical objects were produced. Versions varied only in the amount of depth information: minimal for cookie-cutter and filled-in outlines, partial for squashed and half objects, and full for 3-D models. Recognition was faster and much more accurate when more depth information was available, whether exploration was with both hands or just one finger. Novices found it almost impossible to recognise objects explored with two hand-held probes whereas experts succeeded using probes regardless of the amount of depth information. Surprisingly, plane misorientation did not impair recognition. Unlike with vision, depth information, but not object orientation, is extremely important for haptic object recognition. 相似文献
269.
Stephen E. Melka Steven L. Lancaster Andrew R. Bryant Benjamin F. Rodriguez Rebecca Weston 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(4):501-513
A considerable amount of clinical research interest has recently developed regarding emotion dysregulation and psychopathology.
Many have suggested that distinct affective management deficits may characterize anxiety and mood pathology. Despite increased
research attention, efforts to validate and sufficiently investigate the psychometric properties of many self-report measures
of affect regulation have been lacking. The current study examined the response behavior of 1566 undergraduate participants
who completed the Affective Control Scale (ACS). The ACS assesses fear of intense emotion, and it is frequently used in empirical
research. The present investigation examined the structural qualities of the measure using exploratory and confirmatory factor
analytic techniques. Findings suggest the original four rationally-derived subscales do not adequately fit the observed response
patterns. Rather, results indicated that a five-factor solution that included a subscale measuring emotion mismanagement better
represented response behavior. Additional normative data and bivariate correlations with other measures of emotion regulation
and affect are presented. 相似文献
270.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of an audio computer-assisted self-interviewing Web-based software application called the Social Information Processing Application (SIP-AP) that was designed to assess social information processing skills in boys in 3rd through 5th grades. This study included a racially and ethnically diverse sample of 244 boys ages 8 through 12 (M = 9.4) from public elementary schools in 3 states. The SIP-AP includes 8 videotaped vignettes, filmed from the first-person perspective, that depict common misunderstandings among boys. Each vignette shows a negative outcome for the victim and ambiguous intent on the part of the perpetrator. Boys responded to 16 Web-based questions representing the 5 social information processing mechanisms, after viewing each vignette. Parents and teachers completed measures assessing boys' antisocial behavior. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that a model positing the original 5 cognitive mechanisms fit the data well when the items representing prosocial cognitions were included on their own factor, creating a 6th factor. The internal consistencies for each of the 16 individual cognitions as well as for the 6 cognitive mechanism scales were excellent. Boys with elevated scores on 5 of the 6 cognitive mechanisms exhibited more antisocial behavior than boys whose scores were not elevated. These findings highlight the need for further research on the measurement of prosocial cognitions or cognitive strengths in boys in addition to assessing cognitive deficits. Findings suggest that the SIP-AP is a reliable and valid tool for use in future research of social information processing skills in boys. 相似文献