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961.
Frattali C Hanna R McGinty AS Gerber L Wesley R Grafman J Coelho C 《Brain and language》2007,102(1):99-113
The function of suppression of context-inappropriate meanings during lexical ambiguity resolution was examined in 25 adults with prefrontal cortex damage (PFCD) localized to the left (N=8), right (N=6), or bilaterally (N=11); and 21 matched Controls. Results revealed unexpected inverse patterns of suppression between PFCD and Control groups, with measures suggesting decreased interference across time in the PFCD group and increased interference in the Control group. The PFCD group, however, had significantly lower accuracy rates for the context-inappropriate condition. Results suggest a loss of the control aspects of inhibitory processes in lexical ambiguity resolution following PFCD. An aging effect on suppression function is also suggested. 相似文献
962.
The ubiquitous left-hemisphere advantage in visual word processing can be accounted for in different ways. Competing theories have been tested recently using cAsE-aLtErNaTiNg words to investigate boundary conditions for the typical effect. We briefly summarize this research and examine the disagreements and commonalities across the theoretical perspectives. This work may provide a good example why a multi-level, multi-method, and multi-paradigm approach holds the greatest promise for rapid theoretical progress. 相似文献
963.
Rachel McCloy C. Philip Beaman Beth Morgan Rebecca Speed 《Applied cognitive psychology》2007,21(3):325-344
Two experiments implement and evaluate a training scheme for learning to apply frequency formats to probability judgements couched in terms of percentages. Results indicate that both conditional and cumulative probability judgements can be improved in this manner, however the scheme is insufficient to promote any deeper understanding of the problem structure. In both experiments, training on one problem type only (either conditional or cumulative risk judgements) resulted in an inappropriate transfer of a learned method at test. The obstacles facing a frequency‐based training programme for teaching appropriate use of probability data are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
964.
The review describes evidence-based psychological treatments (EBTs) for insomnia in older adults. Following coding procedures developed by the American Psychological Association's Committee on Science and Practice of the Society for Clinical Psychology, two treatments were found to meet EBT criteria: sleep restriction-sleep compression therapy and multicomponent cognitive-behavioral therapy. One additional treatment (stimulus control therapy) partially met criteria, but further corroborating studies are needed. At the present time, there is insufficient evidence to consider other psychological treatments, including cognitive therapy, relaxation, and sleep hygiene education, as stand-alone interventions beneficial for treating insomnia in older adults. Additional research is also needed to examine the efficacy of alternative-complementary therapies, such as bright light therapy, exercise, and massage. This review highlights potential problems with using coding procedures proposed in the EBT coding manual when reviewing the existing insomnia literature. In particular, the classification of older adults as persons age 60 and older and the lack of rigorous consideration of medical comorbidities warrant discussion in the future. 相似文献
965.
This study sought to understand whether young adults and family educators share beliefs about the components of a successful
relationship. Young adults viewed successful relationships as having partners who agree on most issues. Educators characterized
successful partners as exhibiting positive communication patterns and using relationship maintenance strategies. A third prototype
included young adults and educators who described successful relationships in terms of agreement and problem solving behaviors.
Implications for researchers and practitioners conclude the article. 相似文献
966.
Leslie D Berkelhammer Adrienne L Williamson Stacy D Sanford Courtney L Dirksen William G Sharp Allison S Margulies Rebecca A Prengler 《Child neuropsychology》2007,13(2):120-131
This literature review summarizes all studies relating neuropsychological performance to neuroimaging findings in pediatric sickle cell disease (N=28; published 1991-2005). Although inconsistencies exist within and across domains, deficits in intelligence (IQ), attention and executive functions, memory, language, visuomotor abilities, and academic achievement have been identified. Overall neurocognitive compromise was revealed to be related to the level of neurological injury and the location of silent infarct. Attentional and executive dysfunction is prevalent and related to frontal lobe abnormalities. 相似文献
967.
The level and nature of autistic intelligence 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Autistics are presumed to be characterized by cognitive impairment, and their cognitive strengths (e.g., in Block Design performance) are frequently interpreted as low-level by-products of high-level deficits, not as direct manifestations of intelligence. Recent attempts to identify the neuroanatomical and neurofunctional signature of autism have been positioned on this universal, but untested, assumption. We therefore assessed a broad sample of 38 autistic children on the preeminent test of fluid intelligence, Raven's Progressive Matrices. Their scores were, on average, 30 percentile points, and in some cases more than 70 percentile points, higher than their scores on the Wechsler scales of intelligence. Typically developing control children showed no such discrepancy, and a similar contrast was observed when a sample of autistic adults was compared with a sample of nonautistic adults. We conclude that intelligence has been underestimated in autistics. 相似文献
968.
Intrusive memories and rumination in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: a phenomenological comparison 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The aim of the study was to investigate the phenomenological differences between intrusive memories and rumination in PTSD. The study population consisted of 31 patients with PTSD referred for cognitive behavioural therapy to specialist services. A semi-structured interview was used to examine the characteristics of the most prominent intrusive memory and rumination. Intrusive memories were predominantly sensory experiences of short duration, whereas rumination was predominantly a thought process of longer duration. Shame was associated more with rumination than with intrusive memories. Anxiety, helplessness, numbness, and threat were greater at the time of the trauma than when experiencing the intrusive memory. In contrast, feelings like anger and sadness were greater when experiencing intrusive memories than at the time of the event. The distinction between intrusive memories and rumination is of clinical importance as intrusive memories usually decrease with imaginal reliving of the trauma, whereas rumination may require different therapeutic strategies, such as rumination-focused or mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. 相似文献
969.
Melissa Ann Stormont Sandra Covington Smith Timothy J. Lewis 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2007,16(3):280-290
Although research has clearly supported the use of school-wide positive behavior support (PBS) in elementary school settings,
data-based research has not been conducted to support program-wide PBS in early childhood settings. The purpose of this study
was to specifically support teachers’ use of universal features of program-wide PBS and to determine whether increases in
the use of positive teacher behaviors, including precorrection and praise, were functionally related to decreases in students’
problem behavior. Using a multiple baseline design, three teachers were introduced to an intervention to increase their use
of precorrections and specific behavioral praise statements. A relationship was established between the three teachers’ use
of key features of program-wide PBS and the reduction of students’ problem behavior in a small group setting. However, findings
should be viewed as tentative and future research should explore the relative influence of each of the intervention components
on preschool students’ behavior. 相似文献
970.
Kukla R 《Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal》2007,17(3):171-202
The principle of equipoise traditionally is grounded in the special obligations of physician-investigators to provide research participants with optimal care. This grounding makes the principle hard to apply in contexts with limited health resources, to research that is not directed by physicians, or to nontherapeutic research. I propose a different version of the principle of equipoise that does not depend upon an appeal to the Hippocratic duties of physicians and that is designed to be applicable within a wider range of research contexts and types, including health services research and research on social interventions. I consider three examples of ethically contentious research trials conducted in three different social settings. I argue that in each case my version of the principle of equipoise provides more plausible and helpful guidance than does the traditional version of the principle. 相似文献