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951.
The level and nature of autistic intelligence 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Autistics are presumed to be characterized by cognitive impairment, and their cognitive strengths (e.g., in Block Design performance) are frequently interpreted as low-level by-products of high-level deficits, not as direct manifestations of intelligence. Recent attempts to identify the neuroanatomical and neurofunctional signature of autism have been positioned on this universal, but untested, assumption. We therefore assessed a broad sample of 38 autistic children on the preeminent test of fluid intelligence, Raven's Progressive Matrices. Their scores were, on average, 30 percentile points, and in some cases more than 70 percentile points, higher than their scores on the Wechsler scales of intelligence. Typically developing control children showed no such discrepancy, and a similar contrast was observed when a sample of autistic adults was compared with a sample of nonautistic adults. We conclude that intelligence has been underestimated in autistics. 相似文献
952.
Intrusive memories and rumination in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: a phenomenological comparison 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The aim of the study was to investigate the phenomenological differences between intrusive memories and rumination in PTSD. The study population consisted of 31 patients with PTSD referred for cognitive behavioural therapy to specialist services. A semi-structured interview was used to examine the characteristics of the most prominent intrusive memory and rumination. Intrusive memories were predominantly sensory experiences of short duration, whereas rumination was predominantly a thought process of longer duration. Shame was associated more with rumination than with intrusive memories. Anxiety, helplessness, numbness, and threat were greater at the time of the trauma than when experiencing the intrusive memory. In contrast, feelings like anger and sadness were greater when experiencing intrusive memories than at the time of the event. The distinction between intrusive memories and rumination is of clinical importance as intrusive memories usually decrease with imaginal reliving of the trauma, whereas rumination may require different therapeutic strategies, such as rumination-focused or mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. 相似文献
953.
Melissa Ann Stormont Sandra Covington Smith Timothy J. Lewis 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2007,16(3):280-290
Although research has clearly supported the use of school-wide positive behavior support (PBS) in elementary school settings,
data-based research has not been conducted to support program-wide PBS in early childhood settings. The purpose of this study
was to specifically support teachers’ use of universal features of program-wide PBS and to determine whether increases in
the use of positive teacher behaviors, including precorrection and praise, were functionally related to decreases in students’
problem behavior. Using a multiple baseline design, three teachers were introduced to an intervention to increase their use
of precorrections and specific behavioral praise statements. A relationship was established between the three teachers’ use
of key features of program-wide PBS and the reduction of students’ problem behavior in a small group setting. However, findings
should be viewed as tentative and future research should explore the relative influence of each of the intervention components
on preschool students’ behavior. 相似文献
954.
Kukla R 《Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal》2007,17(3):171-202
The principle of equipoise traditionally is grounded in the special obligations of physician-investigators to provide research participants with optimal care. This grounding makes the principle hard to apply in contexts with limited health resources, to research that is not directed by physicians, or to nontherapeutic research. I propose a different version of the principle of equipoise that does not depend upon an appeal to the Hippocratic duties of physicians and that is designed to be applicable within a wider range of research contexts and types, including health services research and research on social interventions. I consider three examples of ethically contentious research trials conducted in three different social settings. I argue that in each case my version of the principle of equipoise provides more plausible and helpful guidance than does the traditional version of the principle. 相似文献
955.
Keith A. King Linda K. Kraemer Amy L. Bernard Rebecca A. Vidourek 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(5):606-614
We surveyed 191 Southwest Ohio foster parents regarding their involvement in authoritative parenting and interest for additional
parenting education. Our results showed that most respondents reported using an authoritative parenting style and were interested
in receiving future training. Involvement in authoritative parenting differed significantly based on level of education and
number of years as a foster parent. Foster parents with a college degree or higher were significantly more involved in authoritative
parenting than foster parents with a high school diploma or less. Those who had been a foster parent for greater than five
years were significantly more likely than those who been a foster parent for five years or less to use authoritative parenting
and desire future training in authoritative parenting. 相似文献
956.
In the part-set cuing effect, cuing a subset of previously studied items impairs recall of the remaining noncued items. This
experiment reveals that cuing participants with previously-studied emotional pictures (e.g., fearevoking pictures of people)
can impair recall of pictures involving the same emotion but different content (e.g., fear-evoking pictures of animals). This
indicates that new events can be organized in memory using emotion as a grouping function to create associations. However,
whether new information is organized in memory along emotional or nonemotional lines appears to be a flexible process that
depends on people’s current focus. Mentioning in the instructions that the pictures were either amusement- or fear-related
led to memory impairment for pictures with the same emotion as cued pictures, whereas mentioning that the pictures depicted
either animals or people led to memory impairment for pictures with the same type of actor. 相似文献
957.
The present study was designed to test the influence of negative mood on the self-report of individual and relational correlates of depression and marital distress. The authors applied a combined experimental mood induction procedure, based on music, autobiographical recall, and environmental manipulation. Results showed that the mood manipulation was effective, and the depressed Mood Induction Procedure (MIP) and neutral MIP groups did not differ in their self-rated measures of the above-mentioned variables. In conclusion, the authors argue that these measures are generally insensitive to depressed mood, providing an important contribution to this literature. 相似文献
958.
959.
Association rule mining (ARM) is a technique used to discover relationships among a large set of variables in a data set. It has been applied to a variety of industry settings and disciplines but has, to date, not been widely used in the social sciences, especially in education, counseling, and associated disciplines. This article thus introduces ARM and presents aspects of existing work that will be relevant and useful to researchers practitioners in the social sciences. Definitions and concepts are presented, and examples of ARM applications are highlighted to strengthen these ideas. We also discuss an example from our existing research to show that ARM can be used to investigate help-seeking behavior in a sample of secondary school students in Singapore. We also present some guidelines and recommendations for using ARM. 相似文献
960.
Brent W. Roberts Nathan R. Kuncel Rebecca Shiner Avshalom Caspi Lewis R. Goldberg 《Perspectives on Psychological Science》2007,2(4):313-345
ABSTRACT— The ability of personality traits to predict important life outcomes has traditionally been questioned because of the putative small effects of personality. In this article, we compare the predictive validity of personality traits with that of socioeconomic status (SES) and cognitive ability to test the relative contribution of personality traits to predictions of three critical outcomes: mortality, divorce, and occupational attainment. Only evidence from prospective longitudinal studies was considered. In addition, an attempt was made to limit the review to studies that controlled for important background factors. Results showed that the magnitude of the effects of personality traits on mortality, divorce, and occupational attainment was indistinguishable from the effects of SES and cognitive ability on these outcomes. These results demonstrate the influence of personality traits on important life outcomes, highlight the need to more routinely incorporate measures of personality into quality of life surveys, and encourage further research about the developmental origins of personality traits and the processes by which these traits influence diverse life outcomes. 相似文献