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951.
The aim of this study was to investigate in families of two working parents the effects of parents’ work organisation and work-related stress on the level and rhythmicity of their children's attention in school. Four hundred and sixty children between five and 10 years of age, divided into three age groups, completed crossing-out tests. Each parent completed a coded and anonymous questionnaire. The results, analysed using a repeated measures ANOVA (α = 0.05), suggest that the mother's and father's work organisation and work-related stress impact on the child's attention differently according to age. Irregular professional activities, difficult to foresee and out of step with social life, as well as mental strain and accumulated stress could affect the regulatory function of the family on the child's receptiveness to learn at school. 相似文献
952.
953.
Mathieu d’Acremont Peter Bossaerts 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2008,8(4):363-374
When modeling valuation under uncertainty, economists generally prefer expected utility because it has an axiomatic foundation,
meaning that the resulting choices will satisfy a number of rationality requirements. In expected utility theory, values are
computed by multiplying probabilities of each possible state of nature by the payoff in that state and summing the results. The drawback of this approach is that all state probabilities need to
be dealt with separately, which becomes extremely cumbersome when it comes to learning. Finance academics and professionals,
however, prefer to value risky prospects in terms of a trade-off between expected reward and risk, where the latter is usually
measured in terms of reward variance. This mean-variance approach is fast and simple and greatly facilitates learning, but
it impedes assigning values to new gambles on the basis of those of known ones. To date, it is unclear whether the human brain
computes values in accordance with expected utility theory or with mean-variance analysis. In this article, we discuss the
theoretical and empirical arguments that favor one or the other theory. We also propose a new experimental paradigm that could
determine whether the human brain follows the expected utility or the mean-variance approach. Behavioral results of implementation
of the paradigm are discussed. 相似文献
954.
Giuseppina D’Oro 《Philosophia》2008,36(4):403-415
This paper seeks to explain why mainstream analytic philosophy lost interest in the philosophy of history. It suggests that the reasons why the philosophy of history no longer commands the attention of mainstream analytical philosophy may be explained by the success of an ontological backlash against the linguistic turn and a view of philosophy as a form of conceptual analysis. In brief I argue that in the 1950s and 1960s the philosophy of history attracted the interest of mainstream analytical philosophers because the defence of the autonomy of historical explanation championed by the likes of Collingwood, Dray, Melden, Winch, Von Wright and others was in tune with the predominant conception of philosophy as a conceptual enterprise concerned primarily with clarifying different explanatory practices. As this conception of philosophy as an essentially conceptual enterprise became recessive, the purely methodological non-reductivism advocated by defenders of the autonomy of history was accused of ontological escapism and the discussion concerning the autonomy of psychological explanations became the province of the philosophy of mind and action. 相似文献
955.
Luke O’Sullivan 《Philosophia》2008,36(4):429-452
This paper argues that the identity of history as a discipline derives from its distinctive combination of intellectual assumptions,
or categories. Many of these categories are shared with other fields of thought, including science, literature, and common
sense, but in history are understood in a unique way. This paper first examines the general notion of categories of historical
understanding, then scrutinises some of the specific categories suggested by classic authors on the philosophy of history
such as Dilthey and Collingwood. More recent works by Goldstein, Oakeshott, Bevir, and Tucker are treated as contributions
to the same discussion. It concludes that the various categories these writers have proposed are neither trivial nor incompatible
and that when collated they do indeed compose a framework capable of characterising historical thought.
相似文献
Luke O’SullivanEmail: |
956.
Does gender make a difference in the way politicians speak and are spoken to in public? This paper examines perspective in three television interviews and two radio interviews with Bill Clinton in June 2004 and in three television interviews and two radio interviews with Hillary Clinton in June 2003 with the same interviewers. Our perspectival approach assumes that each utterance has a dialogically constructed point of view. Earlier research has shown that markers of conceptual orality and literacy as well as referencing (name and pronoun use for self and other reference) do reflect perspective. This paper asks whether perspective is gendered. Our data analysis demonstrates that some markers of perspective show gender differences while others do not. Those that do include the number of syllables spoken by each interlocutor, referencing, the use of the intensifier so, the use of the hedge you know, the use of non-standard pronunciations, turn transitions, and lastly the use of laughter. 相似文献
957.
What are the similarities and differences between prayer and theological reflection in the praxis of pastoral care and counseling? This qualitative study is ethnographic in design. A review of the literature is summarized. Researchers interviewed 75 participants in four cultures: (1) chaplains and (2) pastoral counselors in the Canadian Association of Pastoral Practice and Education (CAPPE), (3) community clergy and persons in lay ministry, and (4) students after internship in a theological reflection course. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and then coded for themes. Findings include seeing more similarities than differences between prayer and theological reflection. One of the differences is that prayer is more affective and theological reflection is more cognitive. There are also some areas of ambiguity. Discussion includes what ought to be normative or the orthopraxis for prayer and theological reflection in pastoral care and counseling. Limitations and areas for future research are outlined. 相似文献
958.
Lahey BB Van Hulle CA Keenan K Rathouz PJ D'Onofrio BM Rodgers JL Waldman ID 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(8):1139-1158
Predictive associations between parenting and temperament during the first year of life and child conduct problems were assessed
longitudinally in 1,863 offspring of a representative sample of women. Maternal ratings of infant fussiness, activity level,
predictability, and positive affect each independently predicted maternal ratings of conduct problems during ages 4–13 years.
Furthermore, a significant interaction indicated that infants who were both low in fussiness and high in predictability were
at very low risk for future conduct problems. Fussiness was a stronger predictor of conduct problems in boys whereas fearfulness
was a stronger predictor in girls. Conduct problems also were robustly predicted by low levels of early mother-report cognitive
stimulation when infant temperament was controlled. Interviewer-rated maternal responsiveness was a robust predictor of conduct
problems, but only among infants low in fearfulness. Spanking during infancy predicted slightly more severe conduct problems,
but the prediction was moderated by infant fussiness and positive affect. Thus, individual differences in risk for mother-rated
conduct problems across childhood are already partly evident in maternal ratings of temperament during the first year of life
and are predicted by early parenting and parenting-by-temperament interactions.
相似文献
Benjamin B. LaheyEmail: |
959.
Piero De Giacomo Luciano L’Abate Francesco Margari Andrea De Giacomo Wanda Santamato Rita Masellis 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2008,38(2):65-72
After a brief exposition of Elementary Pragmatic Model about changes in dyadic interactions, the validity and clinical usefulness
of the model was evaluated with a newly created test, called SISCI-Sentences. This test is composed of 90 Sentences with strong
psychological impact. Administration of this test to non-clinical and clinical participants produced statistically significant
differences between the choices of participants in the two groups. Implications of these results for the use of these Sentences
in the course of psychotherapy are discussed.
相似文献
Luciano L’AbateEmail: |
960.
Context and the activation of predictive inferences 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1