精神分裂症肠道微生物与脑影像和临床表征的关系

微生物-肠-脑轴假设在精神分裂症发病机制中的研究受到越来越多的关注。以往研究初步考察了肠道微生物的构成与精神分裂症患者脑影像和临床表征之间的联系,但具体的作用路径尚不明确。当前研究通过总结最新研究进展,并在此基础上提出肠道微生物影响精神分裂症患者大脑结构和功能的机制假设。相关内容对于进一步阐明精神分裂症的病理机制,为将肠道微生物纳入精神分裂症的评估与干预提供理论基础。     

GENDER AND CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS FOR MASTERY, PERSONAL, AND INTERPERSONAL EVENTS

In two studies, achievement was conceptualized as consisting of affiliative as well as mastery events. Participants wrote about a recent achievement, provided causal attributions, and assessed the degree to which that achievement involved mastery, personal, and interpersonal themes in the first study. A second study randomly assigned participants a theme and asked them to assess the involvement of traditional correlates of achievement. Results indicated that individuals viewed achievement as consisting of mastery, personal, and interpersonal activities. These activities differed, however, in their associated pattern of correlates and attributions. Mastery events were characterized by public standards, high expectations, a process focus, completed time frame, and attributions to ability and effort. Interpersonal events were characterized by internal standards, lower expectations, an outcome focus, ongoing time frame, and attributions to luck. Characteristics reported for personal events varied as a function of methodology.     

Hostility, the metabolic syndrome, and incident coronary heart disease.

This invesgation examined the impact of hostility and the metabolic syndrome on coronary heart disease (CHD) using prospective data from the Normative Aging Study. Seven hundred seventy-four older, unmedicated men free of cardiovascular disease were included in the study. The total Cook-Medley Hostility (Ho) Scale score, anthropometric data, serum lipids, fasting insulin concentrations, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and total dietary calories were used to predict incident CHD during a 3-year follow-up interval. Multivariate analysis indicated that only Ho positively predicted and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level negatively predicted incident CHD. Ho's effects on CHD may be mediated though mechanisms other than factors that constitute the metabolic syndrome.