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971.
972.
Giles W. Story Zeb Kurth-Nelson Molly Crockett Ivo Vlaev Ara Darzi Raymond J. Dolan 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2020,114(3):308-325
Impatience can be formalized as a delay discount rate, describing how the subjective value of reward decreases as it is delayed. By analogy, selfishness can be formalized as a social discount rate, representing how the subjective value of rewarding another person decreases with increasing social distance. Delay and social discount rates for reward are correlated across individuals. However no previous work has examined whether this relationship also holds for aversive outcomes. Neither has previous work described a functional form for social discounting of pain in humans. This is a pertinent question, since preferences over aversive outcomes formally diverge from those for reward. We addressed this issue in an experiment in which healthy adult participants (N = 67) chose the timing and intensity of hypothetical pain for themselves and others. In keeping with previous studies, participants showed a strong preference for immediate over delayed pain. Participants showed greater concern for pain in close others than for their own pain, though this hyperaltruism was steeply discounted with increasing social distance. Impatience for pain and social discounting of pain were weakly correlated across individuals. Our results extend a link between impatience and selfishness to the aversive domain. 相似文献
973.
Mislael Valentín-Cortés Quetzabel Benavides Richard Bryce Ellen Rabinowitz Raymond Rion William D. Lopez Paul J. Fleming 《American journal of community psychology》2020,66(3-4):325-336
This paper applies the Minority Stress framework to data collected from an ongoing community-based participatory research project with health and social service agencies in Southeast Michigan. We examine the stressors and coping strategies employed by undocumented Latinx immigrants and their families to manage immigration-related stress. We conducted in-depth interviews with 23 immigrant clients at Federally Qualified Health Care Centers (FQHC) in Southeast Michigan and 28 in-depth interviews with staff at two FQHC's and a non-profit agency serving immigrants. Findings suggest that immigrants face heightened anxiety and adverse mental health outcomes because of unique minority identity-related stressors created by a growing anti-immigrant social environment. Chronic stress experienced stems from restrictive immigration policies, anti-immigrant rhetoric in the media and by political leaders, fear of deportation, discriminatory events, concealment, and internalized anti-immigrant sentiment. Though identity can be an important effect modifier in the stress process, social isolation in the immigrant community has heightened the impact of stress and impeded coping strategies. These stressors have resulted in distrust in community resources, uncertainty about future health benefits, delayed medical care, and adverse mental health outcomes. Findings provide a framework for understanding the unique stressors experienced by immigrants and strategies for interventions by social service agencies. 相似文献
974.
We evaluated the effects of self instructions and picture prompts on vocational task performance of three workers with mild to moderate mental retardation. The workers were asked to perform a packaging task that changed daily. Picture prompts were always present. In the verbal training phase, workers learned self instructions regarding the use of picture prompts to cue their performance on the packaging task. In the verbal and task training phase, workers learned to use the self instructions and picture prompts together to guide their task performance. The results showed that verbal training was sufficient for one worker, but that the other two workers required the combined verbal and task training to improve their task performance. For all subjects, there was evidence of generalization of the self management strategies and task performance and maintenance of both over time. 相似文献
975.
Raymond S. Solomon 《Journal of Psychology and Judaism》2000,24(3):223-231
Jeremiah is quoted and cited to show the basic optimism of Judaism. Why did Freud create an “Oedipus Complex,” rather than a “Joseph Phenomenon”?—especially since Freud had such a great knowledge of the Bible, including the Joseph story; and the Biblical Joseph made frequent appearances in Freud's dreams. Many of the advances in psychology and psychiatry were made in part as a rebellion against the ideology of psychoanalysis—this includes family therapy, behavioral therapy, and psychopharmacology. Bettelheim saw the shortcomings of psychoanalysis, both as a theory to explain human behavior and as a cure for psychological problems. The experiences of Bettelheim and of The Chazon Ish can give us new hope. The Chazon Ish and Bettelheim both sought to help in the context of a type of community. Reading of the Bible throws light on people's problems; and people can be helped by identification with Biblical characters. There is often specific advice in the Bible. Bible therapy can strengthen the bond between the therapist and the patient, which is important for patient improvement. There is a need for this type of psychotherapy. 相似文献
976.
Mark D. Terjesen Raymond DiGiuseppe Patricia Gruner 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2000,18(3):165-179
Clinical outcome studies have shown that cognitive-behavioral approaches to alcohol abuse are efficacious. As the research continues to be refined, practitioners can work with clients based on better science. REBT practitioners have developed a number of theoretical and treatment manuals to promote better practice. The empirical literature on REBT treatment for alcohol abuse does not provide strong evidence of its effectiveness. The present article comprehensively reviews the REBT outcome literature and identified six studies. Of these, three met the inclusionary criteria. The findings demonstrated change in endorsement of irrational thinking, with limited behavioral change. Limitations of the present research base for alcohol abuse are discussed and suggestions offered for conducting and reporting REBT research on alcohol abuse. 相似文献
977.
978.
Visual Prior Entry 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
It has long been claimed that attended stimuli are perceived prior to unattended stimuli–the doctrine of prior entry. Most, if not all, studies on which such claims have been based, however, are open to a nonattentional interpretation involving response bias, leading some researchers to assert that prior entry may not exist. Given this controversy, we introduce a novel methodology to minimize the effect of response bias by manipulating attention and response demands in orthogonal dimensions. Attention was oriented to the left or right (i.e., spatially), but instead of reporting on the basis of location, observers reported the order (first or second) of vertical versus horizontal line segments. Although second-order response biases were demonstrated, effects of attention in accordance with the law of prior entry were clearly obtained following both exogenous and endogenous attentional cuing. 相似文献
979.
980.
Four experiments are reported which investigated the processes which contribute to the failure of rats to bury fluids that have acquired aversive properties through pairings with lithium chloride toxicosis. Fluids that failed to provide strong olfactory stimulation were avoided but not buried. These solutions, however, produced higher order conditioning of odor-bearing solutions which were buried readily. Various control experiments indicated that these effects depended upon the odorous qualities of the stimulus and not upon simple novelty effects or changes in gustatory stimulation. These data indicate that the inability of aversive gustatory cues to produce burying reflects a constraint on motivational or S-R learning processes. 相似文献